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Effectiveness of studded tires gould be increased if new tire treads were designed, particularâ€" ly by addir.g more lines for studs. Studs exert their greatest stopâ€" ping power on ice near the meltâ€" ing point (where, incidentally, the skid hazard is greatest). As the ice temperature falls, the studs lose their effectiveness. At 10 degrees below zero, they‘re no better than snow tires. Braking on bare pavement, wet or dry, is hardly improved (one per cent) by up to 100 studs; up to four percent at most, with 144 studs. About 140 feet if you have studâ€" ded snow tires on two wheels; and about 115 if you have studded snow tires on all four wheels â€"â€" a skid reductioon of 33 percent or about three car lengths. But there‘s a "but." These fiâ€" gures apply only to skids on ice close to 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Research shows that of the halfâ€"dozen or so factors which bear on the relative effectiveness of studded tires, the temperature of the ice is at the top of the list. Adding more lines of studs around the tire increases braking power, up to 260 studs. But simâ€" ply adding studs in the same number of lines doesn‘t do any good to speak of. About 170 feet, if you have typâ€" ical highway tires all around. And just about the same distance, if you have regular snow tires on the drivin > wheels. Suppose you are driving along at 20 m.p.h. and find yourself on ice. You put on the brakes. How far will your vehicle slide? Tire studs most useful at freezing The names of other government appointees to the authority are expected to be announced early in the new year. The authority has had eight provinciallyâ€"appointâ€" ed members for the past three years, in addition to members appointed by memberâ€"municipaliâ€" ties. All government appointees James Bauer reappointed river authority chairman The appointment is for three years as an authority member with the first year as chairman. At the end of the first year, auth. ority members will elect a chairâ€" man, unless new policy is "introâ€" duced by the province. James S. Bauer of Waterloo has been reappointed chairman of the Grand River Conservation Authority by the Ontario govern ment. Bauer has held the post for the past three years. He was appoint ed chairman by the province folâ€" lowing amaigamation of two forâ€" mer conservation agencies in the Grand River valley. 6 Waterioo Chronicle, Thursday, Januery 9, 1969 145 Columbia St., Waterloo Door 10 {(between Philip & Albert) OPEN .â€" MON. â€" FRI, 8 AM. TILL 6 P.M. SATURDAYS 8 A.M. TILL 1 PM. Most Reasonable Rates In Town Specialists In Collision Work FREE ESTIMATES "We have a great deal of work to do but I am confident that the people of the valley will realâ€" ize its importance and give us the support we need," he said. A native of Waterloo, Bauer was the youngest mayor in that city‘s history when he was electâ€" ed to the position in 1959 at the age of 30, after five years as an alderman. In business life, he is secretaryâ€" treasurer of Bauers Ltd., a Watâ€" erloo felt products manufacturer. He is married and has six childâ€" Bauer said this move has the support of several municipalities anxious to see the dams started. He said he expects authority members will approve the new approach when they consider the 1969 budget early in the new year, probably in February. Bauer said the provision of more recreational facilities, the building of smaller dams throughâ€" out the valley and the acquisition of riverside lands as breathing spaces in rapidlyâ€"growing urban areas are also programs which will make the Grand River valley a better place to live. In addition, all other authority programs would qualify for 65 percent grants instead of the 50 percent contribution now being received. The authority executive, with strong backing from many muniâ€" cipal representatives, decided to take advantage of a new provinâ€" cial grant system which would reâ€" sult in 65 percent of the cost of the dam program being paid by the province. The provincial government had previously agreed to contribute 37% percent of the cost of the dams. Federal grants of 37% perâ€" cent were requested but approval from Ottawa has still not been reâ€" ceiwved, after two years of waiting. Bauer said the 74 memberâ€" municipalities in the authority will be asked to start paying in 1969 for land needed for the dams and reservoirs, under a new grant system started by the Ontario government. are residents of the valley. Bauer said he was pleased to continue as chairman of the auth ority, one of the biggest in the province. "The next few years will be imâ€" portant for the people of the Grand River valley," he said. ‘"The authority is focussing on several programs that will have a lasting effect on the future of the valley and the people who live here." and the people who live here." He said tfie biggest project is the construction of five large dams on the Grand and its tribuâ€" taries at an estimated cost of $30,000,000. The dams are planned for West Montrose, Everton, Ayr, Hespeler and Guelph. They are designed to improve flood protection, to proâ€" vide adequate summer flow in the rivers and to add to the valley‘s recreational assets. CASINO AUTO BODY In addition, some in the Labor government in Britain are becomâ€" ing increasingly convinced that the Commonwealth is little more than a milistone, preventing Briâ€" Britain was also indignant over the lashing criticism it received from African members when it refused to use military force to crush Ian Smith‘s minority govâ€" ernment in Rhodesia. But the increase in numbers, there has admittedliy been some cooling of ardor. Britain, for exâ€" ample, has lost considerable enâ€" thusiasm since realizing the Comâ€" monwealth‘s impotence in handâ€" ling crises even within its own body â€" such as the Indoâ€"Pakisâ€" tan war, the clash between Turks and Greeks and Cyprus, and the more recent bloody conflict beâ€" tween Nigeria and Biafra. The Commonwealth is not deâ€" clining, but growing. With the recent admission of Swaziland, 28 countries were eligible to attend the 17th Conference of Commonâ€" wealth Prime Ministers meeting in London this week. At the last conference, in 1966, only 23 naâ€" tions were eligible. It is a partnership of nations that engulfs oneâ€"quarter of our globe, built of the bones of the collapsing British empire. Colonâ€" ies that so desperately clamored to be made sovereign dominions, once they achieved independence, strangely became reluctant to break all ties with the past. Asian, Caucasian and Negro; Hindu, Muslim and Christian; forâ€" mer Mau Mau terrorists and white supremists; British nobles and Indian untouchables; and transplanted Europeans of every heritage and creed â€" the citizens of the Commonwealth are a motâ€" ley assemblage of peoples indeed. THIS WEEK AND NEXT by Walt E. McDayter BELMONT CLEANERS & TAILORS ecumont CLEANZS SAAND OPENS o “Ew \_QCA“O“ 277 LANCASTER ST. WEST at 277 Lancaster St. W., Kitchener “‘e New P‘fllfl _ offers all of Belmont‘s Famous Services Nest, in Kitâ€" In appreciation to the many years of service SPECIALS ALSO APPLY 2 BELMONT PLANT Phone 578â€"6830 or 743â€"3686 for Delivery j The haveâ€"not countries generâ€" ally want immigration doors openâ€" ed â€" in practice and not just in theory â€" throughout the Com monwealth. Canada‘s immigration policy was called "wicked and disâ€" graceful" at the 14th Commonâ€" The copperâ€"rich African nation of Zambia, meanwhile, is seeking tighter ties with Canada. It has requested that Ottawa provide half a dozen experts to fill key government jobs in Zambia. Similarly, New Zealand newsâ€" papers have been urging more Canadian involvement in the Paâ€" cific. New Zealand also wants an improved balance of trade. There have been many suggesâ€" tions on how the links of the Commonwealth can be tightened. Recently, the Sydney Morning Herald called for closer coâ€"operâ€" ation between Canada and Ausâ€" tralia, recommending the forma tion of a "Canberraâ€"Ottawa" axis. The Commonwealth does proâ€" vide an invaluable machinery for discussion and consultation, through such vehicles as the high commissioners, the Commonâ€" wealth secretariat, various standâ€" ing agencies, and meetings like the present one of prime miniâ€" sters. Any member can go to war with member or outside nation, and the others are not committed to intervene. SOSE: belong to NAâ€" TO, some to TO, others to neither. Some support the Vietâ€" nam war, others oppose it; some recognize Red China, others do not. tain‘s entry into Europe. Some critics of the Commonâ€" wealth feel that it needs more power and direction to make it meaningful. It makes no universal treaties, nor has it a common foreign or defence policy. SHIRTS SUITS or DRESSES 51 25 WINTER COATS â€"pce. Plain Skirt or PANTS Opening Specials Cleaned and Pressed laundered cleaned for cleaned Phone 578â€"6830 politics. It‘s not without reason that there was pressure to make this site of the present conferepce no# in London, but in Ottawa. Be sides, it became obvious that everyone in London â€" the press and the public â€" was just plain curious to see whether Trudeau‘s charismatic magic would make as much impact on the/internation al scene as it bas in Canadian And perhaps most of all, the other dominions are counting 0B Canada to provide leadership, the catalyst of change for the Com monwealth. They are counting on wealth ier Commonwealth members to make up for cutbacks in aid pre grams in the United States and Britain. Canada has promised that its foreign aid by 1970 will re present one percent of its gross national product. wealth Parliamentary conference in Nassau last November, sinse it discriminated against coloreds by permitting only skilled peo ple to immigrate. o 5 for $IJ The fellow over 50 who insists on shoveling snow as he did at age 30 is digging his own grave. KITCHENER ‘1.30 70°