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Floods are the result of many conâ€" ditions working, never singly. but al ways in more o= less complicated combinations Amone the major. naâ€" thral, contribnting canses are geol0â€" sic formations, the topography of the watersheds, the temperature phenoâ€" mena and above all. precipitation. Each of these is uzain composed of rinmerous â€" factors | and _ altogether their possible combinations in time, space. and degree are almost past calenlation . too complicated, in fact, for satisfactory seneralizations. In iruth 1 do not think it would be a hazard to eay that no two floods tave exactly the same origin. To the eanses just siven 1 should like to add the further factors of ground cover, lke forests for examâ€" le. and that of artificial drainage, but in so doing I may appear to be tokina liherties. A Concrete Example | Bnt let us see. Suppose we conâ€"| sider a concrete example whore the effect of forests and the lack of them tave been carefully studied. One of the most outstandingz and one that was carefully carried on for years was that at Emmenthal Switzefland,! where the runâ€"off from two small | valleys. one completely forested and , the other only partially so, was meaâ€" sured and compared. It was found that the stream from the completely forested valley was more uniform in‘ its fNlow than the other: that after a heavy rainfail of brief duration the farested stream carried only from oneâ€"half to onethird as much water as the partially forested one, and that in the summer the forested stream kept up a higher and more reâ€" ! gnlar flow. I Similar evidence could be given from observations made in the Unitâ€" «d States and in Canada, but space will niot permit. Suffice it to state that just recently information has come to hand to the effect that in certain regions in New Brunswick floods have been initiated where they did not occur before as a result of deforestation and consequent farm practices. _ To counter the ovidence just pre sented some argue that whilo observâ€" Last Fridar j sovil ongineer and dbraitacs exprert addressed _ an audien > o: nmuticpal officials at the Umversity of Westein Ontario, and according to press reports, informed them â€" thal ceatensive | studies . in France and h« United Stutes have led to the concnsion that neither deforestation or reforestation . ean have is appreciable effect on floodés, al Jeast not on the majos ones; that dd:ainaze. also. possibly. had little to do with the cause of major floods, and that there were floods long he fore there were flood damages. These statements are senetalizaâ€" tious. and generalizations im all inâ€" struction. unless preceded by partiâ€" cular studies, tend toward a false apâ€" preciation of one‘s anderstanding of the subject and a consequent failure to deal successfilly with particular situations 61 draitiaat audiens Umvers arcordi DAVID BEAN & SONS LIMITED, Publishers ROY 8. BEAN, Editor. WILLIAM M. BEAN, Associate Hditor SUBSCRIPTIONS PAYALBE IN ADVANCE $8.00 per year in Canada. §$12.40 per your in the United States and fore countrics. Single copics. Tucsday edition 1 cents, Friday edition $ cents. Truls in was â€" Babe seeins Tw probacm couses of us Adami PAGE TWO Â¥ Ontaric Street, Watorioo, every Tuesday and Friday. The Chronicle is a member of The Chronicle is on sale at _/ all newsâ€"stands in Kitchâ€" ,0/7', business office after 4 "v_‘} p.m. Mondays and Thursdays. . \¢,~7/ hoii L8 inadliTe cothe pubdre Last Pridas oa 0 raltiate expert. udfenc~ 0: nnurmier] myersity of West ccording To pross rem â€" that cexten wosp Question of Floods Again Tnc WaTtcruoo0 CHronicLLk The Waterive Chromicle, Waterico County‘s only semiâ€"woekly newspaper. devoted L othe multiplicity of voices 4 couceived _ And so it he with the. flood control some muintain that the floods ase as deeprooted sin whie others prociaim op doliveraine â€" The : final s nadtiftemli a confusion D in We TUESDAY, OCTOBER 26, 1937 s Professor ot Applied Biologsy « the 1 Ontario and a Native of Waterloo Counm (From Lendonâ€"Free Press» Fowever, in passine |. should like * quote from an authority in the i sâ€" Departmem of Accdculture on tids parlicalar poin‘ i ceâ€" deforesta hen "There is ample | testimony wom Europe. from Asia and from America | that â€" large â€" rivers have mrarkedly changed their habits and tiat this change has been for the most part in the direction of higher ond more violent floods." He states ‘further that this testimony is conâ€" firmed by the study and observation of scientists and engineers and has heen an object of interest to scientiâ€" ilie academies. engineering congressâ€" â€"~ governments. and parliaments of various countries O In elosing this part of the discusâ€" son one might state that while the \nterâ€"covered forest floor has conâ€" siuderable absorptive and waterâ€"re tuining properties, the most importâ€" urt effect is probably its protection «f the soil. which in hilly areas is | susceptible of â€" removal. and | that \ chen the forest cover and the abâ€" \serptive topâ€"soil have been removed, i.all rains must yield to a rapid runâ€" off This. also, can be illustrated :!rum a concrete example. . While visiting the Federal Soil Conservaâ€" t‘on Station at Zanesville. Ohio. last spring we stopped on the border of » bush and the official in charge told ns that following a very heavy rain alter the drought of 1935 measure tents wore made to determine the iJepth to which the water had perâ€" |rolated These showed that in the | Lush it went down eight and oneâ€"half !inches, whereas, where we stood, a bare spot, it only sank in one and »nehalf inches. The rest ran off. This region. I might add, has sufferâ€" ed severe erosion and depletion of , the surface soll. it« objective the hastening of surâ€" face waters off the land and the reâ€" ‘clamation of swamp lands. UIHâ€" mately the latter too comes under the former category. The drainage engineer maintains that his problems are those of flood control and so they are, locally, but what of the man down the line, in the main channels, ‘ where the smaller floods come toâ€" |:->thpr? This is not an uslment against drainage. In many areas aurâ€" [face drainage is an agricultural ne . coessity. Nevertheless from its vory ‘nature, except in rare cases, the comâ€" bined effects of drainage must tend to increase figod hazards. and. at times, when the combinations are favorable, must increase them. Just bere, however, I should like to point out that the drainage of the soll often intensifies the disastrous re sults of improper farming practices I xhich T shall proceed to elucidate. Land Drainage But what of land drainage? In genâ€" eral we may say that drainage has as cble beneficias cesults may be ol Coaned in sinall forested warersheds Le same cannet be sald for largo otiee because of the various equalizâ€" b« aufluences that may operate ere â€" Of course dn very extensive vutersheds, like those ot the Missisâ€" ~ippt and some of its mgjor tributaâ€" <~ the difficulty of "proving the case . would be well nieh insurmountâ€" aile But this dorge not come within ‘the paurview of our discussion | 1 colly we are concerned with such reâ€" gively simall rivers as the Thames and the Grand and exen <maller ones bat occasionally get on: of bounds However, in passine |. should like * quete from an authority in the 1 OSs_ Departmenr of Acrdeculture on tide. particalar point i eâ€" deforesta Hen "There is ample | testimony coom Europe. from Asia and from America â€" that â€" large wivers have THE WATERLOO (Ontario) »unt y , 1856 ! In the address Tiven last Friday Heie: reference was also made to some specific. flood control methods. +007 those mentioned the tim«honored | embankment â€" structures such â€" as Hovers, ete.. scemed to be much in faâ€" laor In these the object is [argels ‘nlud of putting the river into a sort !e‘ strait jacket and of hurrying the | water nif to the sea as harmlessly as the circumstances will permit. This ‘iway ultimately prove to he the wisâ€" {est plan but in the meetime we {bave to take inio consideration the ‘faet that the public has hecome conâ€" [Â¥or Anluat o t «h14 | water ts w es n first nl wervationâ€"minded ; that it considers water as one 0f its nationa] reseurces «id not an endâ€"product to be got rid / as qmickly as possible. As we are ilively in need of water both on the soil for agricultural purpose and in many of our river channels for muâ€" wisipal use, this ambition to conserve t is not only commendable but a naâ€" tional necessity. To this end the s heme of impounding our soâ€"called surplus water has been devised and i= actually going into operation. It deserves our sympathetic consideraâ€" tion and hbest thought. Furthermore, evren though we may not be concernâ€" +d with the storage of water we have to admit that the temporary catchâ€" mentâ€"basinâ€"schome â€" so â€" successfully operated in the Miami River in Ohilo is merite worthy of serious considâ€" »w‘ation. ‘These dams in the Miami Problem of Thames The problem of the Thams is one for the engineers to investigato. Suâ€" porficially one might say that the river would appear to be less amenâ€" able to control by dams than the Grand but to express an opinion at may have no appreciable effect on the flood levels of the Mississippl or even of the Ohio. but this is again beside the question. They do conâ€" trol the levels in the Miami and this drains an area larger than those of the Thames or the Grand rivers. I eatimaed otec rain deceaah ihs dday and yery heavily the following mizht â€" Samples were collected from hoth <treams in the same manner the Lo\ morning. Brown Creek was ~till Cear and within its hanks . Gould‘s Fork Creek was stil muddy and had spread deepic over its alluvial plain This illustration speaks tor itself as to the efficacy of proper farming prautices in the conservation nf waâ€" ter. the influence of flooding. and inâ€" «ulentally, the conservation of the sot Better drainage might. 1 sup pose, have lowered the flood ievels in this stream but think of the counse quent loss of éoil and deterioration of its fertility. OQutside of the oceans the soil is present would be. in a sense, sub our grealest waler reservoir Most judice of us fail to realize this and fewer, Our course seoms clear. Let, us to recognize it Much has beeo acâ€" study each of our rivers as individual, complished within recent years to concrete problems and not worry demonstrate this and to take advabâ€" about generalitios ‘Tis true our riâ€" tage of it Let me quote from an adâ€" vers may have flooded now and again dress given last April ‘by H0 H since time immemoria! but this is Benuett. Chief. Soul Couservation of no re«son why they should continue the U S Department of Agriculture, to do so unrestrictediy To be sure al a National Rivers and Harbors no one assumes that every flood can Congress, at Washington, DC be controlled but there is good reaâ€" As an example | should like to 801 to believe that most of them can mention briefly what bhas happered be dealt with satisfactorily and that un â€" Brown Creek in SouthCeatral eÂ¥eb the imajor ones these that o« North _ Carolina ~a â€" stream â€" with ©UC only rareiy can be readered which 1 have been familiar all my (©Uch less disastrous | We need the life This stream drains some 65,000 I°08t moderu and expert advice avail seres It has loug been a notorious «ble, the advabntages of firstâ€"hand flood | stream, characterized by a 6tudy of flood control projects (com swampy, alluvial plain_ with water be"able in extent and principle with sc muddy that it seldom clears up ©@!~)> Now in operation or under conâ€" From time to time | have received Sifuclion and the weighing of this reports from prominent citizens in eÂ¥idence by a board composed of the that: locality to the effect that the s>eBest ininds of practical laymen as »vostonâ€"control program on the waâ€" Woll as those of the expert engineers n orshed of Brown Creek had practieâ€" Tt broblem s a much involved woly stopped overflows and had very «50 s satious commective inethods bearly cleared up the water Frankâ€" «0) Ueglana The more: modern ones it was difficult for me to belieye @r6 not ungqualifiedly suppoited by all As an example | should like to mention briefly what has happotied un â€" Brown Creek in SouthCeutral North _ Carolina a _ stream with which 1 have been familiar all y life This stream drains some 63,000 seres. It has loug been a notorious flood | stream, . characterized by a swampy, alluvial plain. with wate: sc muddy that it seldom clears up From time to time | have received reports from prominent citizens in that locality to the effect that the »~osionâ€"control program on the wa rershed of Brown Creek had praitic wolv stopped overflows and had very bearly cleared up the water Fraukâ€" iter frome the centor a o Heowin soch al about naukinl stage ‘The e waes essenibiadlly ue thers is eampliff of it Fittecac munates [ace oller fed a sampsâ€" trom the centre e meldiborine | stream lould s eck Creek â€" The dwe stceasis drai saine ty pecof ferritury with about sane propertion af the Lind ut en ontrivation | They: bet been sub cled to practically the same sainâ€" + Heretofore â€" tiey hi ove wed im unison O| found the Wate â€"ionid‘s Fork Creek almost blood «l wirh sitt. ar the stuge when the cik s were gusto hegintime to ower ity during sud eolbec: was difficult . f hy such Uhinc i stiurt time ~ caught in a that st Hleaed Hevre is pust heain s a eample (RT In viule me to believe «d happeried in whee as a hoy peam AGould â€" shceanis drai iny wirh abou t othe fand un bout heen sub sailipr CHRONICLE rTlo wes he 11 shown that the desthorate in Wate e éoipity from . titheceulosis | qs steadily decveasing | in 1934 it was inoper cetit. and in 1926, 27 per cent Mrsâ€" Frank Haich:. the president wheo â€" presided comvlimented | the contel on its work as reflected in the reports bnut <suzsosted that the v3al work ofr such a bodvy could not e hdmlated in stutisties. An idea of the relationship hetween the death rate from TB and the number of hospital heds available to treat it was included in the report of Miss Fingeman woiuld convey something efo the Jutmin s.dues jnvolved, the president felt In 1901 in Canada there was oneâ€" tenth of a hed per 10,000 people. and the death rate per 100.000 was 180 In 1920 in Canada there were 51 hr«ds per 19.000 people and the death rate per 100.000 was $1.3. | Reâ€"Elect Officers Representatives were present from the auxiliaries of Ayr. Blair. Elmira Gall. Hespeler, Kitchener, Waterloo. New Hamburs, and Preston and the president. Mrs: Frank Haight, was unanimously reâ€"elected with the folâ€" lowing executive: honorary presiâ€" dent. Mrs. Lester Weaver, Hespeler: vicepresident, Mise E. Lilian Breitâ€" haupt. Kitchener; secretary, Miss Flizabeth Clare, Preston and treasâ€" ; vrer, Mrs. A. K. Cressman, Waterloo. ? Treasurer‘s Report ; The annual meeting opened with ftl‘.o report of the treasurer, Mrs. A. ’K Cressman. After presenting a eummary of the year‘s standing she ‘ presented a table of statistics to ‘show the sums spent on furnishings lat the sanatorium for the past three years. In 193435 expenditure for furnishings amounted to $1,249.56; qo healany . the o me are not unqualifiedly ex pepfs â€" omecriticad tLoouuim | vered shown se heinc owith ho ds 9 phae studx w hieftlies Thames or the Grand Hoaiioachcs ur fiks $6Th auibcceas AlirsiT+ son the aCeniral Councll of the Frecjes Sanaroiduie held at that in siPunion of Frelas were the reports presented show hi £411080c raised for to benoflt en the Sanatorpnm durâ€" s Cl umt hovoars, and the exâ€" eelien uldresses n officers and the saperinfendent, Pn EoN. Coutts. In thire past yvear the receipts from the â€" Clhristmas | sea‘ . sale . passing tLrameh the books of ihe Central Counci. amonnied to £3.090 of which amoun the remaining balance $2â€" 1278595 has heen appropriated to help furnish the new winz of the sana terium Compared to the givings of 1935 ind 15936 the aivines to the seal sal campaish tor 195847 were shown to have advanced by $172.53 and the progress reported was not limited treothe finammal ambect of the sansâ€" $41,000 Raised for Sanatorium in 10 Year Period Gratifying Reports Presented at Annual Meeting and Stressâ€" ed Commendable Work of Women. Preeper shoutien present tiue hen es "fs erlient . parcl to the givings of 1985 36 the ainnings to the seal sal ith tor 19Â¥In4Z were shown to wivanced by $172.53 and the s\ seported was not limited Bnanewsl aepect of the §atâ€" s wook. Prom the address de hy Dr E. N. Coutts it was "n o3p mt nA efi ts Gatna ied P0 n Eruvics show hat roan the Dr the ih he problem on Pn year was caused by the fact that the Council was saving its resources as much as possible to provide the necessities for the new wing ‘The balance on hand would not take care of all the needs of the new building and in the seal sale campaign of this year the public would be given opâ€" portunity to provide «dditional funds t this project Miss Bingeman‘s Report Miss Hingeman‘s report followed those preseuted by the auxiliary rte presentatives . At the outset it agâ€" vised the council membets that the declne in the death rate from tuâ€" berculosis _ has _ been _ halted _ in the past two years. In 1935 the first year of the in creased death rate from tuberculosis in the Domimeon there were 60.3 deaths per 100 000 Miss Bingeman podubed oc In 1936 the percentage was 61 ‘ In 193636 the sum was $1,32%6.31 and in the past year the amount was oaly $733.20. The decrease in the past torium iduld ner Bulti man weds‘t h Mise RHEUMATISM in a nmarknb:i:hort time. For quick relief from such pain which exhausts you and keeps you awake at nigh tâ€"ask for "Aspirin‘. & “AsJ;irin' tablets are made in Canada. "Aspirin‘‘ is the registered tradeâ€"mark of the Bayer Company, Limited, of Windsor, Ontario. Look for the name Bayer in the form of a cross on every tablet. /~__ ITS GREAT TO BE BACK AT WORK You can pay as high as you want for remedies claimed to relieve the pain of Rheumatism, Neuritis, Sciaâ€" tica, etc. But the medicine so many doctors generally approveâ€"the one used by thousands of families daily â€"â€" i "Aspinn‘., _ Simply take 2 "Aspirin‘ tablets with a half glass of water. Repeat, if necessary, according to directions. _ Usually this will ease such pain in a remarkably short time. Demand â€" and Getâ€" i when you‘ve found a way to ease the pains of en h L4 O\ San ireeding, reports The trying to be a zentleâ€" with somebody who ctine School ume af infected per mnathen of all con icported that thore lents in the sanaâ€" y wommen and three 6 jercent of the ‘the aze group f aine The fact that D d 7 crase c@aus among the u1. young the wage commented Lo crease in n tracting s un direct the of the reâ€"