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1 RELESS telephony, that latest, and in many ways greatest, wonâ€" * der of this electrical age, is o e e e en ‘on the eve of working a complete revoluâ€" tion in the methods of handling the enorâ€" mous shipping of the Great Lakes, } Aiready, at scores of points along the lakes, the towering poles of the wireless tul'phon. system, each with its antennae / of wires, are being put in place so that by next Spring the system which already ‘has made dtself Invaluable to the great ‘Pacific fleet of our navy, as well as to hh. mavies of Great Britain and Italy, }'fll ibe in use from end to end of the chain of America‘s inland seas. By use} w€ this system marine insurance rates will be reduced to a minimum, owing to the fact that all storm warnings may be transmitted immediately to lake vessels so that they will have ample time to make safe harbors and, used in conjuncâ€" tlon with the enormous existing land sysâ€" tem of wire telephones, will make it posâ€" sible for persons elther on the shores of the lakes or hundreds of miles away, to ;lllk with wofficers of or passengers on wny of the vessels engaged in the lake ' Without the enormous expense of wire maintenance that is necessary for the wire ‘phone systems, and also withâ€" wut the expense of an expert operator lll 4s necessary with wireless telegraph gystems, the use of the wireless telephone "111 be within financial reach ot the most .znodest sailing craft plying from port to p Few persons, even those directly conâ€" mected with commerce on the Great Lakes, realize the enormous interests rep» resented in that trade; therefore few reâ€" alize the vast ‘boon conferred by the latest electrical marvel. _ Eighty per cent. of all the water tonnage of North ‘America is carricd on the Great Lakes. Thirty thousand craft of all classes today mre engaged in the lake trade, and the lake shipyards are from one to three year# behind on their crders from lake whipâ€"gwners. . Although oncâ€"half of all the vessels bullt in the Woestern Iomiâ€" sphere in 1908 were for the Great Lakes trade, the need for more bottoms has heâ€" wcome so acute that steamship companies engaged in the trade recently have heen obliged to go to English and Scotch shipâ€" yards with orders. »â€" ‘The freight conveyal over thesa waters Ouring 1908 was more | than | seven times as much as the whole world carâ€" ried through the Suez Canal in the same time. Four thousand freigtit gteamers, 250 big passenger steamers and‘ about 25,000 pleasure and other craft comprise the emormous Great Lakes fleet, which uses upwards of threeignillion tone of coal in a single year, or enough to heat every house in Chicago for three years. ‘The Pittsburg Steamship Company, #which is merely the carcier of the United Btates Steel Corporaton, alone owns ships with & combined capacity of 630,000 tons of ore during a single trip. If the ships of this company alone were placed end to end they would cover a distance of eight mm#les and during the cight months of Great Lakes navigation each year they earry as much freight from Lake Suâ€" gerior to Lake Erie ports as all the vesâ€" wels of the world take through the ez Canal in a whole year. . In weight of freicht annually handled, Buffalo and Duluth ase the world‘s greatest ports, while the tonâ€" nage handled at Ohin ports alone excerds that of all the ports of France. During 1097 epproximately 100,000,000 tons of freigat were sliipped !n Great Lakes bottoma. ‘This would be..enough to Al1 2,500,000 fortyâ€"ton Mkl‘”:an. or a train that would girdlé the earth and extend from New York tp fSan Francisco in addition. More than 90 per cent of this Immense total eonsisted of 87,513.600 tona of Iron aore, 14,â€" of grain, $,159,757 tons of flour, 14,889,â€" ©27 bushels of flaxreed and more #han 1,000,000,000 feet of lumber. 0 \ Greatest of all Hnes of lake tran.t :s that in fron ore, and some 800 giant #teamers are engaged solely in Its carâ€" Vikge. ‘This ore commerce has dowbled Ouring the last six years and the steel men belleve it will hbe %mm durâ€" ing the next ten, for thrée Oitté patahes f the Great Lakes countt produced in m OfF $ NG P E| 'Tfle â€" â€"n4 * ‘// * “U(sfâ€" ‘m: pEOPus 0o N GREAT X . Fne NOER T EIOMH ut "BROOKLYN NAVY YARO m: mEssSaA6ESs av;’aAmg\H KES, LAST season Af Enormous Fleet. fll LLINOlS supply of fron. During 1908 200,000,000 bushels of grain and 11,000,000 barrels of flour wre shipped from Lake ports, the grain shipâ€" ments from Port Arthur and Fort Wilâ€" liam alone being well over £0,000,000 bushels. At least 90,000,000 bushels of wheat, 60,000,000 bushels of other grain and 7,500,000 barrels of flour passel through the "Soo" canals and 50,000,000 bushels ~of grain, conservatively repâ€" resent the total shipments from Chiâ€" cago, Milwaukee and other ports whose eastbound commerce does not pass %throush these canals. ‘The year‘s lumâ€" ber shipments aggrerated nearly 1,500, 000,000 feet, or enough to bulld more than 75,000 houses of eight rooms each. Taking the "8oo" canal as its center and drawing a circle having a radius ‘of 350 miles, it would be found to include four of the world‘s greatest ports, Bufâ€" falo, Cleveland, Chicago and Dulith. Within the circle or upon its €ircumâ€" ference are such other ports as Detraii. Toronto, Dunkirk, Erie, Conneaut, Ashtaâ€" bula, Lorain, Sandusky, Toledo, Gary, Milwaukee, Ashiand, Superior and I‘ort‘ Arthur, The eight states along the Great Lakes are in reality the heart and power of the natlon. Within their borders dwell ‘35,000.000 people and upon their shores center the greatest industries of the world. Should the Jakes disappear sudâ€" denly the industrial supremacy of the United States would recelve a staggering blow from which it might never recaver and more than half the population of the nation would be vitally affected. The steel industry would come to an untimely end. 1908 mearly half of the world‘s total With all the great shipyards straining every effort to meet the demands of the lake commerce, shippers ngree that they never wl be quite able to mect the reâ€" quirements of the traffic, | Everywhere from Duluth to Buffalo the shipping is crowded, in many cases dangerously so The greatest occan ports never hivo known slich blockades as Dulith Has s« ‘r-n more than one occasion,. During one month alone last year there were 1,221 arrivals and clearances at this port, an average of forty a day, Steamers pass through the Detroft River on an average of one every twelve minutes, night and day. Harbors and canals must he enâ€" larged to facilitate the@growing business and unless there is some mcans available for the protection of this vast shipping, the tragedics of this next decade will be greater than those of all the past. In the wireless telephone it is beMeved that protection has been found, The Great Lakes are known as the most treacherous highway in the world. Great storms, coming up at a few hours notice, do enormous damage to shipping. Scores of vesselg suddeniy and mysterâ€" fously disappear each year, leaving no trace behind them. According to the reâ€" cords more than $15,000,000 worth of freight has been lost on the lakes, Involv» ing the wrecking of 14,000 vessels and the total loss of more tham 2,000 ships. During the last thirty years, in which time the records have been practically complete, the wrecked vessels numbered some 8,000, nearly 1,000 of which were total losses, while the loss in cargoes alone has exceeded $12,000,000 in this rame period. A notable case in point ocâ€" curred In 1906 when the steamer "Flagg" went down with a <argo of metal worth $1,250,000, none of which ever has been recovered. One of the most horrible disâ€" asters in the whole history of the Freat |mkes was the wrecking of the "Griffn‘ and her destruction near Cleveland, inâ€" volving the loss of 286 lives, Thousands of ofter tragedies mark the Mistory of some total alone rame During the first week of October, 1908, a round dozen ships, valued approximateâ€" iy at $500,000 each, were wrecked during a severe wtorm. The net losses during this week were not far from $1,000,000. 'W‘rn-“ ings of the storm that caused this damace were posted by the United States Weather Bureau eight hours in mdvance and, had the lak® vessels been equipped With wireless filephone appmratus at the time, every ofe would have had atple Total Tonnage for 1908. Storms Do Terrific Damage. Sm t n L PPE .( ies d x /09 + Ne 4 h t %. ) $OM> M a" e JErs ol Em iile e 2 ie . Pnsd ® "p .5 4C +/3 .) m es wX 0\S #Â¥%e *« y,‘;@ , Whey Ihcemmcaiinndie ageith 4e( Sn 4o dumt hn ha wrt e oo + onl d dy + C C OC"T ~ eHronICLEâ€"TRLEGRAPH, THIS ORIGINAL DOCUMENT IS IN VERY POOR CONDITION opportunity to have male harbor. As it was, they ing of Impending danger. Anothcrp great peril to Is that of collision and co raily eompel the exaction sof excessive Insurance rates, this in turn reacts upon the freight tariffs so that the over« coming of the periis from storm and colâ€" During the ehiipping sea passes witl the lision means & naterial reduction In cost of present lake transportation which, in spite of every existing obstacle, is exâ€" ceptionally . low. It is mn mdmittel fact that the Great Lakes constitute the nation‘s chiof safeâ€" guard against oppressive railroad rates. They are the regulators of our great comâ€" merce and the traffic on the fakes aaves to the people of the United States $500,â€" 000,000 annually, or $6 for every man, woman and child of jour pâ€"~ulation. Transportation over the lak® waters in modern steamships cosli from â€" oneâ€" fifteenth to oneâ€"quarter of the prevailing rallroad Tates. It costs only two cents per bushe! to ahip grain from Duluth to Bufâ€" fnlo and only eighty cents to carr: a ton of or» between these two points. ‘This is eracil© oneâ€"seventh the cost of raliroad The "Soo" Canalâ€" Vessels carrying 15,736 tons of fron ote passing through the locks. in pessenger rates nedrly a like dmer-‘ ence is shown. During the season of 1908 the splendid passenger éervice of the Great TAWe# was used by more than 18,000,000 eople anmi the ratio of inâ€" creaso indieates that this\ tota) will be _ double® ; th: fess th #~ decade. The _ railroad fare M‘a-u Detroit and Buffal® is $7, tbut ‘ by; steamer one can travel the 900 milea between these between the same ports. ULUT pe \nother great peril to lake shipning that of collision and conditipss in this peet grow worse from day to day. ring the whole eight months of the pping season each year, searcély a day sses without one or imore collisions, ese comditions, which of course are ecially acute in time of fog, could be nost entirely obviated by wireless teleâ€" inie communication from ship to ship 4, as ull the dangers which surround » shipping intcrests on the lakes matuâ€" c\ \go O Safeguarl Against Extortion. AAT 0 had n FOR TH emgermics.. . Duveerrzt 5 O/\â€"% U ports for $2.50, while one day each week a fare of $1.25 prevails, â€"â€"«‘ ® The future of the Great Lake come merce is something so vast that none but the most venturesome would chance prophecy. With the great Mississippi ay8â€" tom to the southwest, soon to be connectâ€" ed with Lake Michigan by way of the ship canal which Chicago is building into the Illinols Itiver, vessols will be enabled shory to pass from the Great Lakes down the ‘Mississippi to the Gulf. To the northwest lies the great wheat country of ¢entral North America, the focal point of which is the growing city of Winnipeg, located at the junction of the Assiniboine, now navigated for 800 miles, and the Red River of the North, up which -teamrs‘ can go to the Minnesota, through fl'le1 great wheat fields of the United States, thug bringing her sphere of influence south to Grand Forks and Fargo in the Dakotas, #Us lves ie :. ce C * mm F00 mape 0 We Lake Winnipeg, whith is as large as Lake Erie, now is Msing connected by locks with the Saskatchewan River sysâ€" tem, navigable for nearly 1,000 milies inâ€" to the very heart of the world‘s greatest grain fields. Soon this great inland water aystem, centering in Mnnipeg,vwlll have an outict into Lake Byberior by means of & canal running through the Wlnniv‘ peg River, already xvltn‘ble for 200 mmiles; Lakeâ€"ofâ€"theâ€"Wobds, Rainy River, Rainy Lake, Nemekan Rake, Loon l‘ko,l Nequokan Lake and others, requiring only a few mlles of metual canal bulldâ€" Ing to bring down to Thunder Bay the product of a region which already is becoming the world‘@ granary, although the Canadian grain trade s but in its infancy. & DOIN Projects To Relieve Congestio® § Radio Wircless ‘Telephone ‘Towerâ€"On the roof of the ‘Terminal Building in New York. _ auNCINNATI1 â€" DA Jb 7?()7‘ AULT*STEMARIE Trent Navigation project, now s open from Lake Siffices to the head of Halley‘s Falls, a distance of 135 miles. Nearly ell the unfinished portion is under conâ€" tract. @ & In a few years the movement of ore to feed the hungry furnaces of Pittsburg will be by an allâ€"water route, as a canal from Ashtabula to the great city of Iron and steot will do the work of fifteen railroads at the cost of one. Today the Great Lakes hold the key to the commercial eupremacy of America, Great capitalists, of course, are vitally Interested in the traffic but most of ti~ shipping on the Lakes ‘belongs to the masses, the stock in the owning comâ€" panles ‘being held by hundreds of thouâ€" mandis. As the shares are among the most profitable and the safest Investmcats in the world they have become the property of small Investors euch as farmers, meâ€" chanfcs and clerks and it is an intereating imct that oneâ€"third of the farmers in the lake counties of Ohlo have money investâ€" ed in lake shipping. Of all the needs of Great Lakes mhips and shippers the greatest is for an adeâ€" quate and reliable means of communicaâ€" tlon from ship to ship and from ship to shore, It is to meet this demand that hundreds of artisane and mechanics now are engaged in the construction of wireâ€" less telephone stations mlong the @hores of the Lakes and in installing instroâ€" ments on the Lake vessels. No sooner had the wireless telephons become _ @ â€" commercial | practicablitty, through the perfected inventions of Dr. Lee de Forest, who previously had won distinction in the wireleas telegraph field, than its adaptation became a malter of ests of the lakes. "When the Do Forest aystem was dnstaMeA and suecessfully tested by the TUnited States Navy with the result that Admfral Evans was able to ‘be in constant vocst communication with all the officers and ships of the great Pacific fleet on its erulse from ‘Wampton Roads through the Strait« of agellan and thence to fSan Francisoo, Ahere came insistent demands for an adeâ€" @uate wirdiess tclephone system for the w J CE PIy h ~LI 5 NT De ‘ Forest â€" Anstalled at the top of the Emom in Paris, tests have been madé eatried the huâ€" man vyolce clear listinict to beyonl Mamllleu.wogl‘es y. In thig country successful test# hage been made for a distance of 150 miles, but when the new station is completod in the fiftvâ€"secondt story of the huge Metropolitin Life campanile in this clty, it is c»nfidcmfiy expected by the wireless telephone exâ€" perts that they can project the volce much further than at the Paris tosts. In fact, the inventor, de Porcst, has doâ€" clared that within a short time he will be able to send messages between these two greatest stations so that the voice spoken in New York may be distinctly and imâ€" mediately heard in Paris. When one considers that thirty yeara ago the present wire tetephone systcm Wigilllmhed at as being nothing misre than: & clever toy, and that Prof, Alexâ€" ander Graham BeH nearly wore his lieart and soul out trving to get tho small sum of money needed to construct his smaill test line for three miles from Nost>a to‘ Somerville, the suggestion of wireles3 talking from New York to Farls {s not to be considered as a smileâ€"provoling proposition. lakes, Although the American Navy was the first to utilize wireless telephony, it since has been installed on many of the ehips of the Italian Navy, while the navy of Great Britain is following‘the same course with all possible speed. What ‘Wircless Tetephony Has Doxe. In establishing Its system of wireless telephony it already has heen announced by the Great Lakes Radio Telepluon« Comâ€" pany, of Cleveland, which controls Lk Do Forest system fordhe territory in qi i tion, that it will work in conjunction wice all Cio. existing wire telephone systems, wlether Bell ‘or independent. Ny a simple conâ€" trivance the wire ‘phone system can ho connected with re wireless systom at any ‘of the luén central stations so that & person fbcated at a regular long distance telephone in New York, for inâ€" stance, can ‘be connected thro@igh a wireâ€" less station at Cleveland and hold conâ€" versations with a business associate trave eling as a passenger on a steamer out in the middle of Lake Eric. Each central wirciess station will have Its apparatus attuned to a certain numâ€" her of vibrations on the principle of a tuning fork. The attuning of an 4n« strument can be changed by m switch, Jugt as the switchboard of a central wire etation can be regulated by the insertion of plugs. In this way whon a TLoke steamer, for instance, desires to talk with Cleveland, it# operator will throw the awitch to the number of vihrations eallo4 for hy Cleveland. When the wire Instruâ€" ment on the steamer is in ropose, it will drop back to a cortain apecific numher of vibrations m that it ean he reached Iw eny pentral station calling its ntrmber, or, by means of an Aerephons automatic sigmailing device, ean the reached hy any station sending ont stonm #ignals In darkâ€" {nosq or fom. In this way each instraâ€" ment can be so remflated that !t can ?P'fi\" take up general calls from eny direction or anly #pecific ealla *4% (IA own number, as mirht be desirede One of the advantages of the wiraless telephone is that it does not require a franchise right to operate or a right of way from any @overnment, stite or munâ€" irlpality. It talks through the ai~ and is the only known method of vocal interâ€" ship communication or of taiking from ship to shore, In case of fog or siorm the #ound of the human volce, projected by this means, is as clear and distinct a« at any other time, and the invention is aignals and Hfeâ€"saving seryice, A distinct afvantage of the wireless ‘phone over the wire *pone is that the buzz of the wire alâ€" waya mvu As any shin‘s officer 6an . tame wirelesa ‘phone an readily as ‘by wire ‘phone on shore. nI! expense of an ewpert 6perator is eliminate1 and the apparati® is placed within the reach of the most modest boat afloat. ‘The antemnnae wires of the apparatus are strumg to the masthead of the ship by ‘Already, from fl. @tation which the No Franchises Are Reqnired. IHE THEODORE _ ROOSEY* war,, EODORE _ ROOSEYE e ing of an &n»| YOS®o!s. by a switeh, [4 huge 1 & central wire | ZOTS Rat y the Insertion | U}* mu: when a TLika ously, & es to tafk with | Innovati All throw | tha [ ®W@0un brations eallo4 early d: he wire Instryâ€" | ns 5 ropose, it will evenines ‘fc numher of | °" Melic he reachedt top| O"* who ‘ERATOR $,. means of hempert rops, and aré braced | apart by a needle or epar of wood, 'l'ld‘ wireless telephone, just as the wrireless ‘ telograph, depends upon the projection of i electric waves that pass through the atâ€" . mosphere, and solid substances as well,| with the velocity oftlight, which is 180,000 miles a second or more than seven timé® the circumference of ‘the globe. ‘The mechanical principles upor which the wireless telephong dopend seem to be simple enough, aithoush there is & great difference of opinion as to the mot= ual explanation of the phenomenm f wircless telephony. Specch is the formaâ€" tion of very rapld complex and everâ€"vary, ing series of vibrationsyof the air and their measurement by the nerves of the car. Owing to the resistance of the -li; masphere, these vibrations grow weakt and at last disappear us ‘we get further from the source of \fislurbance, Teleâ€" phony is the art of transluting these vibrations of the air into vibrations of cther whnso lessor| resistance jenables them to L carriedl ingweat disiances for translaton into afr vBratlons again, a® only tho air vibrations ean be measured it Government Shows Ifs Appreciation, At ‘every! turn‘the CGovernment has shown its mpprociation of the invention, which, gn‘addition to having been in« etalled .onlthg> thirty odd battleships, cruisers anmd torpedoâ€"boat destrovers of the Pucific fleet before they started on tielr vovage arourd, the world, hasg also been Instailed at Fortress Monroei Mara Island and other army posts. f or rather ite 1 With the first great long@ distanca wireless stntlon nearing completion mÂ¥ Toledo, with twentyâ€"five other long dis« tance stations already éontmacted for construction along thg fake front| with work going ahead on soeventyâ€"five small= er shore stations and with fifty add more Already pmjected, there ig reason to exâ€" pect that, by the time Great Lakes naviâ€" gation opens Jn the Spring for the season of 1909, the wireless telephone system will be in full eperation on the Great Lakes with nearly 200 stations in use. 1 ‘The central station of the system will he located at Sault Ste Marle, a contract for Its conatruction already having been let. Chlcago, Cleveland, Detrolt, Milwauâ€" kee, Duhith, Ruffalo, Prig and PittWburg are among the citics bnfi( provded with lon@gâ€"fistance @tations, while among other elther planned or undér construction are Sandu®ky, Lorain, Benton Harâ€" her, Muskezon, Bay City, Cheboygan, Maniates, Mackinaw; Alpéna, Port Huron, Ashlan®. Thmkirk. Superior, Bagle River, Marquctte, Fscahaha Bay, Menotninee, Marinetto, (ireen Hav, Sheboysan, Racin®, Kennsh1, Wankegan. Gary, Grand HaveA, Traverse City, Potoskey, @t. Tnace, Grand _ Raplds, . Ashtabula, Charlottey Oswego and Sacketts‘ Harbor, . 4 Still another feature of the Invention, rather the Lencfit that may be derived im il, is for the supplying of musla id other forms of entertainment to nsongers traveling on the passenger ssels, A service of this kind, alded by, huge receiver so that all ofâ€"the passenâ€" rs gathered in a large salon could hear e music or opcratic girs â€" simultaneâ€" isly, should prove m amost welcome â€"excoptionally vainalle feature of Lotes toepbone, which the United i Government is utilizing as rapidly, e<ll0, Is its adaptability to the wse m Hghiship service. Because io absonee of wire maintenance es it costs no more to talk from to n dish:honse or a lightship qmn i}l cost to talk between two blocks conszested city district, anl the lightâ€" â€" keeper or lightship prople need no expert training in order to oper= C the air Into vil o Iesser resistan arried ingrveat dis rto atr afbrationg vibrations ean be tu the wireless es nre iranatited t o an â€" electcleal te® the elher, tionally valnahle LE PrsSENGeR 2 +s O al telephone ‘ into . the | discharge / F3 D