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Now,â€" the condition in which the average country roads are in spring and fall makes it surprising that more suits are not brought to recover damâ€" ages of this kind. These suits are a serious conde.anation of the roads of the country. Just when the farmers and travelling public require good roads, as in the two cases mentioned, they are full of pitch holes and deep ruts, and in such a condition that trayâ€" elling is absolutely dangerous. To start with, the old statute labor system of roadâ€"building and mending is inefficâ€" ient and does not meet the requireâ€" ments of the present time. And until this antiquated plan is abolished by township councils they will have stickâ€" iuâ€"themud roads, people injured aud municipalities sued for damages. There were two cases tried at the London Assizes last week wherein inâ€" dividuals sued municipalities forâ€" damâ€" ages sustained through dangerous or defective roads. One, Sells, sued the tuwnship of London for $3000 for perâ€" manent damages received by his wife being pitched out of a vehicle last winâ€" ter through a defect in the Blackfriar‘s gravel road west of the city of London The case was settled for $500. The: «other case was that of Miss Orange against the township of Euphemia, to recover damages for injuries receivâ€" ed on the night of the 23rd of May last by being thrown out of a wagon «on the Haggarty Road, in that townâ€" ship. _A washout had occurred in the spring, causiug a cut in the road 14 inches deep and two feet wide. By the jolt Miss Orange was thrown out, «and, as in the case of Mrs. Sells, was seriously and probably permanently injured. â€" The Orange party offered on the morning of the trial to settle with the township for $2000. _ The counsel for the defence would not listen to the proposition and before night the jury brought in a verdict against the muniâ€" yé.lity for $5,500 and full costs of the suit. The London Free Press in reâ€" ferring to these suits adds the following pertinent obâ€"ervations with respect to the condivion of the average country roads :â€" . There is not enough money spent in road improvements, and what is exâ€" pended by this effete pathmaster sysâ€" tem is almost thrown away. This statâ€" ute labor should all be commuted, and the amount required to build and mainâ€" tain roads levicd in a tax, the work let by contract, aud the whole construction supervised by efficient and competent «commissioners. _ Township Councils have the power to adopt this system, and why is it not dore? Scraping big heaps of dirt on the middle of the roads in June and putting a few loads of sandy gravel on top will not make a permanent road, for there is no foundâ€" ation. And in the spring and the fall of the year these roads cut up into More than one thousand representaâ€" tive prohibitionists of Ont«rio met in convention in Toronto last week to consult as to measures and organization for the prohibition plebiscite campaign. Whatever might have been the judgâ€" ment of a minority as to wisdom of the plebiscite, or the motives with which it was grauted, there was a unanimous expression of opinion that the fullâ€" est vote possible] for_ prohibition should be registered. There will be an Executive Committee, its members resident in Toronto, to have general charge of the campaign ; and this wil} have a Secretary, who shall give his whole time to the work in hand _ In many counties and cities local organizâ€" ations for the conduct of the campaign already exist. In other counties and towns conveners have been appointed to call a meeting of the heads of differâ€" ent church, temperance and young peoâ€" ple‘s organization , and arrange for the calling of such conventious. The officers of these local organizations wil form an advisory council for their reâ€" spective localities to the central Execâ€" utive. The Executive will iâ€"sue a cirâ€" cular to all organizations, giving hints and suggestions for the conduct of the campaign. It was decided that the Union Committee, which called the gaherting just concluded, shall be emâ€" powered to call a second convention if, during ‘the course of the campaign, this appears advisable. â€" Hon. â€"G. W. Ross spoke for the good faith of the Ontario Government in grauting the plebiscite, and its determination to obâ€" tiin prohibit.on so far as the law would allow, if the people said they wanted it. DANGEROUS COUNTY ROADS THURSDAY, OZTOBER 12%:, 1893 PROHIBITION CONVENTION. C ateriges EChronicle. deep ruts and holes and are almost imâ€" passable. _ Instead of merely drawing a few loads of gravel on a road in the fine weather in June, repairing and fillâ€" ing up ruts should be going on all the time in the fall and spring when the work is most needed, and this cannot be done until the statute labor system is abolished and competent commissâ€" ioners appointed to superintend the roads. Country roads in Ontario. are all right during the summer months, especially during such a dry time as we have had this season. But, com:â€" paratively speaking,, good roads are of not much benefit to the farmer in summer, for he does not need them for marketing crops, drawing wood and other necessary work. For roads to be the most benefit and service to the public they must becin a permanâ€" ently passable condition the year round. .And we all know, unless that The Council of the Town of Waterloo invite the Freeholders of the town and others interested im sanitary matters to attend a meeting to he held in the Town Hall on Friday the 13th inst at 8 p. m., at which the position of the town in respect to the proposed sewerage system will be fully explained. Dated this 9th October, 1893. great road mender, the snow, comes in the winter, how impassable the ordiâ€" nary country road is for a greater part of the time. And ‘the loss to the farming _ community every _ year through wear and. tear of wagons and â€" harness, horseflesh, etc., _ is incalculable. Tt is time in this adâ€" vanced stage of the world in railways, electric cars, steam threshers and other rapid improvements in everything perâ€" taining to advanced farming and trayâ€" The question has thus become one of vital importance to this Town,affectâ€" ing as it does nearly every maufacturing industry in the place. _ The issue of an injunction may at any moment stop a number of our larger factories and be attended with very serious consequences to the welfare and prosperity of our Town. â€" Competition is keen, the margin of profit is narrow, and if our facâ€" tories were to be seriously hampered for want of a proper sewerage system to carry off their refuse there is a possibility of the owners seriously considering the advisability of removing their factories to towns offering greater advantages than Waterloo possesses. It is incumbeat upon us then to give this matter our most earnest considâ€" eration. _ Waterloo needs oaly a proper system of sewerage to make it one of the most desirable locations in Ontario for manufacturing industries, and if we wish to retainâ€"such as we have and to be in a position to offer inducements to others to locate here no time should be lost in constructing at least a main trunk sewer The Proposed Sewerage System. "From an inspection of the present state of the creek, and the permanent causes of pollution existing, taken in conjunction with the sworn evidence presented at the Court held in Waterloo on the afterncon of the 26th of June, your Committee has no hesitation in reporting to the Board that a nuisaace, mostserious to health and property exists ; and that the situation requires that prompt measures for its abatement be taken, _ Your Comâ€" mittee wonld urge that the Board do recommend the immediate enforcement of whatever Health Acts are availabe for the abatement of the nuisance, and would suggest that the Local Board of the Township of Waterlvo be advised to take action under Section 65, said action being based on the report of your Committee, "I am instructed by the Chairman of the Board of Health of the Township of Watâ€" erloo, that unless immmediate proceedings are taken by your Board of Health to abate the uuisauce caused by the Town of Waterloo and its different factories dumping and throwing refuse and garbage into the stream flowing from Waterloo to Bridgeport, that an applicaâ€" tion will be made to the courts for an injunction to have the nuisance abated as advised by the Provincial Board of Health. You will be called upon next Monday to vote upon Byâ€"law No. 138, to raise tha sum of $16,000, for the purpose of constructing a Trunk Sewer for the Town and I wish to give a few reasons why your vote should be recorded for the Byâ€"law. The necessity of a system of sewers for every healthy town is now universâ€" ally recognized. _ Without such a system by which sewage can be carried off aud purified, typhoid and diphtheria are sure to claim an ever increasing numâ€" ber of vietims. But, however important these sanitary reasons for the conâ€" struction of a system of sewers are, there are other considerations which call for prompt and immediate action on the part of the Town. The Local Board of Health of the Township of Wiaterloo, supplemented by a petition signed by fortyâ€"three persons living in the vicinity of the creek, requested the Provincial Board of Health to make an investigation regarding the pollution of the Watâ€" erloo creek, within the Town of Waterloo by sewage poured into the same. An inspection was accordingly made by a committee of the Provincial Board which reported as follows :â€" * (Signed) J. D. MeDonald. a P. H. Bryce. Following this report a communication was received. by the chairman of the Local Board from C:R.Hanning, solicitor for the Board _of Health of the Township of Waterloo as follows :â€" To the Ratepayers of the Town of Waterloo. A PUBLIC MEETING. By ORDER, W. WELLS, Mayor. Ten Ministers were present at the call of the Conferenc roll, while some The Bishop then addressed the Conâ€" ference on "The pressing needs of the times," very prominent amoag which was the absolute necessity of a thorough ly consecrated ministry and memberâ€" ship in the Church, with one undeviatâ€" ing aimâ€"the? salvation of men and woâ€" men for whom Jesus died. Rev. I. W. Groh was elected Confer: ence Secretary, and Miss Mary Stauffer Statisticat Secretary. el, that country roads should keep apace, and not have these important municipalities sued for having dangerâ€" ous roads under their surveillance. _ The Conference opened on Thursday the 5th inst. at 8.30 a, m,. The Bishop read the 4th Chapter of the 1st Epistle of John, when the Conference united beartily in singing hymn: No« 473, in the Otterbein Hymnal, after which Rev. W. M. Bell, of Dayton, Ohio, ofâ€" fered prayer. The Church of the "United Brethâ€" ren in Cbrist" in Ontario has just closâ€" ed its 39th Annual Conference Session. The Conference convened in the U. B. Cburch house at Diltz Road, on the Gainsboro Circuit, in the County of Haldimand, Bishop J. Weaver, D. D. presiding. The U. . Conference Waterloo C>unty Chr:nicle. The Bishop addressed the Conference regarding the "Educational institutions of the Church," viz "Otterbein Uhiverâ€" sity" Union Bibical Seminary, . &e.," stating the gratifying fact thas all the Teachers are sownd in tkeir belief in the doctrines of our Holy Christianity. Resolutions of Condolence with the beâ€" reft relatives of the deceased Rev. J. W. Culler, Owen Oberholtzer and B. Wm. Michner was eleeted "Conferâ€" ence Treasurer" in the room of Owen (Oberholtzer, deceased. Rev. A. Cooper was elected Conferâ€" ence Missionary Secretary who will be a medium of all correspondence relatâ€" ing to our Mission Work. The Conference, by vote decided to accept from the Parent Board of, Misâ€" sions, the offer of a man to preside over the Ontario? Conference in the place vacated by Rev. G, H. Backus, who reâ€" tires from the Presiding Eldership with the confidence and esteem of his brethâ€" Levi Stauffer was reâ€"elected "Branch Missionary Treasurer," a position he has satisfactorily ‘held for several years. If courteous treatment willl do it; if the largest assortment it, we are bound to show even greater results for October. for t ten had not yet arrived. Several lay delegates were also present. _ The names of those ministers who had no charge during the year, were called and and passed, with the exception of Rev. D. I. Robins, whose name was referred to his Quarterly Conference for such constitutional action as the facts in his case might demand reâ€"certain allegâ€" ed irregularities. Levi Stauffer, of Waterloo, was elecâ€" ted a member of the Parent Board of Missions in harmony with the provis jon of the General Conference. Rev. G, H. Backus and J. Mager were elected members of the "Court of Apfipealsr" § 7 Ns ren Mr. Bell is a man of more than or dinary mental and spiritual power; and with these qualifications to which may besadded great range, and depth of thought, a fine physique, and affability of manner he must become a great powâ€" er for good in the position assigned him by act of the last General Conferâ€" ence. The names of the regular itinerants were then called and passed without exception, The Presiding Elder, Rev. (G. H. Buckus gave a very encouraging report of the condition of the work throughout the Conference District. The Bishop took occasion to reâ€" mark that we are now numerically and spiritually quite a littlo ahead of where we were betore the trouble; and, are much more favorably as well as more widely known as the result of it. Min isters of other churchesâ€"learned and candidly acknowledge that now we have a most excellent "Confession of Faith," which for soundness of doctrine and conciseness of statement is seeâ€" ond to no other. Rev. W. Karstadt was, by vote, alâ€" lowed to be a proper person to receive Aid from the "U, B. Seminary Fuand." An "Address of Welcome" was deâ€" livered by Miss Bertie Emerson, which for appropriateness of matter, elegance of diction, ana cleverness in its delivery was‘ highly creditable to that young lady indeed. To this the Bishop made a suitable reply, both for himself aad on behalf of the Conference. Rev. W. M, Bell, Secretary of the parent Missionary Board, preached on the evening of the 5th to a more than crowded house, on the subject of Chrisâ€" tian Missions, after which he made an appeal for contributions to relieve the Branch Mission Treasury of Ontario Conference of its indebtedness, and reâ€" ceived a response to the amount of $500 which amount will more than liquidate all standing claims. Our sales last month were the largest by over 25 per we have been in business. Rev. R. Head, from the New Dunâ€" dee Circuit, referred in his report to the Radicals who had at one appointâ€" ment t«ken forcible possession of our church, and had to pay some $50.00 in costs as a result. Two brethren named J. Purdy and W. F. Welch respectively, made appliâ€" cation for license to preack. . After beâ€" ing referred to a committee, J. Purdy was granted license, while W. F. Welch was referred to his Quarterly Conference for the preliminary course of reading required by the Discipline of the Church. Well, we have an idea, 5‘\2 ‘;}\ w V :‘, ® P a § \ m ® 2_Ԥe #=~ Â¥ J pgF \ § : §.l 4 p L/ § $ [ _/ / § 5 A Bb R §og K N (< Je B LoA A A A h P a | 1 1‘l B EM M . cBhAs A h 3/ M A 8 A 8 l R\_45 & ds G.R IC EBE The Waterloo County Chronicle How do we account for it ? to advertise these well as on this deâ€" pends greatly the success of the sale. Auction Sales A Pleasing Sense of health and strength renewed and of ease and comfort follows the use of Syrup of Figs, as it acts in harmony with nature to effectually cleanse the system when costive or bilious. For sale in 75c bottles by all leading drugâ€" @1Sbs. Drown, were read ‘and impressive meâ€" morial addresses were delivered before the Confer: nee referring to the high esâ€" teemin which these brethren were held. The Committee on "boundaries" reâ€" ported » change in the Boundaries of the Berlin and Sheffield Circuits by detaching Breslau from Berlin, and atâ€" taching it to Shetiield. ... . Mr. Gus. Sherk who has been travelling in the maritime Provinces, has returned home again. He was away about four week . .. . Mrs.McCloy and her daughters Maggie and Cerdina were visiting friends last Sunday. They are living in Hespeler now.... Mr. Robt, Kilgour and wife were in town Sunday last. This Conference has before it, a brighter prospect than ever before, reâ€" porting a handsome increase in finanâ€" cial and numerical strength, with a deeper conviction of the need of the baptism of the Holy Ghost. preaching in the morning by Bishop Weaver to a congregation of over 600, lovefeast and sacrament, after which Rev. I. W. Groh was ordained an Eldâ€" er of the Ministry. _ In the sfternoon a 8. 8. Convention addressed by severâ€" al of the Ministers and others, mbout 400 present. In the evening preachâ€" ing by Rev. R. Head. Mr. D. G. Moyer went to Jordan last week to attend the funeral of his brother. ... Mr. Andrew Schiedel was oat selling brushes for the Handy Patâ€" ent Brush Co., of Berlin, last week . . . . Mr. P. Sherk and his brother Christ Sherk, of Pennsylvania have gone to South Bend, Ind , for a few weeks visâ€" it in] that neighborhood . . . . The "Boys" of our village have fitted up a room, in which they spend their evenings disâ€" cussing numerous questions relating to politics, &e., I suppose. ... Mr. N. Schiedel and his son Herbert have gone to Chicago on business and pleasure. AuctionSales Brown, were Following is the list of ministers with their stations for the current Conference Year: Gainsboro Circuit:â€"Rev. J. Geach, Rev. G. W. Houseman; Sbherkston, Rev. W. H. Defoe, Niagar«, Rev. I. W. Grob; Sheffield, Rev. W, Karâ€" stadt; Berlin, Rev. J, Showers; New Dundee, Rev. R.. Head; Vienna, Rev. A. Cooper; Novar, Rev. W. F. Welch, J. Elliott; Shelburn, J. Mager Hanover, Rev J. Purdee: Port Elgin: Rev. Geo. Rose; Listowel, Rev J. A very hearty vote of thanks was given to the good peopleofthesurroundâ€" ing neighborhood for their kindness in entertaining the inisters and others attending the Conference. Com. F. Durkee; Conference }:]v;n’gelisrt,r G. H. Backus. but we will leave you to decide it. Therservic«s of Sabbath Vconsmted of will soon beconducted throughâ€" out different. parts of the county. . It pays a covers the field by reaching more inhabitants in Waterloo county than any other paper published. â€"Leave your orders for bills and advertising at the Chronicle Office. And now for GCctober. Hundredfold See page 8. Bridgeport THE LARGEST STORE IN TOWN Axp WirerEas the amount of the whole ratable property of the}said municipality acâ€" cording to the last revised Assessment Roll of the said. municipality being for the year 1893 is the sum of $1,202,660 ; and following days I will display a choice selection of fall and winter millinery, conâ€" sisting of Hats, Bonnets, Toques Axp WuErEas for the purpose aforeâ€" said it will be necessary for the corporation of the said town to issue its Debentures for and to create a debt to the amount of §16,â€" @00 as hereinafter mentioned, and such debt und the Debentures to be issued therefor shall be made payable in thirty years at the furthest from the day on which this Byâ€"Law takes effect : Axp Wirereas it will require the sum of §983 to be raised annually by special rate for paying the said debt and interest ; MANY good farms for sale in Waterloo County. Send for the "Farm Advertisâ€" er‘‘; ib is sent free and gives full particulars and Erices, also shows photographs of some farm vildings. _ Address J. J. DALY, Guelph, P.0. 32â€"Gmo, FOUR town lots containing oneâ€"fifth of an acrer each, situated between Spring and Wigin st.eets and fronting®n Qucen street, Waterloo A BUGGY horse for hire for six months commencing at once. | Horse will be careâ€" fully handled, moderately driven and well ted. Apply at CHRONICLE OFFICE. SMALL hound. â€" Tan. head and ears, black, )D white and tan body. last seen in B erlin. Party returningor giving information wil Ee rewarded, and any one retaining him will Mn be prosecuted. THURSDAY, SEPT 21. and all millinery novelties. Any lady in need of anything in my line should not fail to give me a call. Having worked in some of the leadiug cities in the States and Canada, I am confident that all work done at my esâ€" tablishment will be found first class. Â¥Y _ expedient upon sanitary and other ounds to provide for a system of sewerage the Town of Waterloo; Axp WiuEREAS plans and estimates as to the cost of construction of the said system have been prepared by Herbert J. Bowman Civil Engineer; Axp WHEREAS ib s estimated that the cost thereof to the Town of Waterloo in addition to the amount to be raised from time to time by the local assessment plan will amount to the sum of $16,000 which amount the corporation of the said town. will require to borrow ; _ . Mrs. Donnelly‘s old stand. FALL BERVANT WANTED MILLINERY OPENING. To raise the sum of $16,000.00, for the purâ€" pose of aiding in construction of a system of sewerage, and to authorize the issue of Deâ€" bentures therefor and for other purposes, Town of Waterloo. Byâ€"Law No. 138. w97 A good Servant Girl wanted. Aply at Nrs. TrHos. Brinarr‘s, Frederick St., 35â€" Berlin. WHEREAS it is deemed desirable and exvedient unon sanitary and other FARMS FOR SALE HORSE W ANTED. cent of any September that we have ha1 since ment will do it; if the closast prices will do , for remember: Our interasts are yours. Mrs. DOAK, FORK SALE. LOST. ALEX. G. HABBICK Waterl0o, Ont C.M. TAYLOR BERLIN. t__ For the East Ward (Polling Subâ€"divisions | Nos. 8 and 4 united) at Alex. 4. Habbick,‘s j office, Queen Street, Mr. Alex. G. Habbick, | Deputy Returning Officer. _ _____ _ Taxs notice copy of a prope taken into con: finally passed 1 the Corporatio in the event of ing obtained t} the first public Chronicle new being onlthe 14 1893 and that therein fixed fo tors the polls 1 (9) Tram the Mayor of the said Town shall attend at the said Council Chamber on the 13th day ofOctober 1893 at the hour of sevâ€" en o‘clock in the afternoon to appoint persons to attend at the various polling places and at the final samming up of theâ€"votes by the said Clerk respectively on behalf of the perâ€" sons interested. in and promoting or opposing the passage of this Byâ€"Law respectively. Finally passed after the assent of tha rateâ€" payers at the Conneil Chamber in the Town of Waterloo this â€" day of November 1893. > _ =â€"â€"â€" Mayor, (Countersigned (4)TaAT,.the said Debentures shall be dated on the day this Byâ€"Law shall take effect and shall bear incerest at the rate of four and a half per cent per annum from the Cate thereâ€" of, and such interest shall be yayable yearly at the office of the said ‘Treasurer on the 15th day of December in each year of the said term: (5)Tram the said sum of $083 required as aforesaid to be raised levied and collected shall be so raised levied and collected in each year during the currency of the said Debentures by a specialrate, sufficient thereâ€" for on all the rateable property within the Municipality of the said Town; (6)Trrar thisByâ€"Law shall take effect upon from and after the 15th day of December A. D. 1893; (7)TEAT the votes of the qualified electors of the said Town of Waterloo shall be taken on this Byâ€" Law by ballot, pursuant to the Consoliâ€" dated Municipal Act 1892 on Monday the 16th day of October A. D. 1893 from the hour of nine o‘clock in the forencon, until the hour of five o‘clock in the afternoon of the same day, and at the places and by the Deâ€" puty Returning Officers hereunder specified that is to say ; (8) Trrar the clerk of this Councilshall sum up the number of votes given for and against this Byâ€"Law at the Council Chamber on the 17th day of October A. D. 1893 at the hour of 11 o‘clock in the forencon. (3) Trratthe said Debentures shallbe made payable at the office of the Treasurer of the said Town on the 15th day of December in each of the next succeeding thirty years commencing with the year 1894 for the reâ€" spective amounts following, that is to say: â€" For 1894 $261 67 For 1909 $507 57 ts 3805 â€" 274 08 _ 1910 530 41 w ble uts oys 554 28 ‘* 197 20030 â€"â€"~ > lofS 579 23 t Aoos.. se 71 ) it ols 605 20 tt. (1890° . soo 84â€" _‘"! Tol4 632 53 "‘ 1000 341 55 _". 1ols 660 99 o Auob aa6 02) ‘so dolg 690 74 ©£ 1002 o2 08 .007 721 82 it _ 1908,. 380 76.. . * 1018 754 30 ©5_ 1904 407 36 tE 1910 788 25 &*" 1005 425 62 . . 1920 $23 72 * 1906 444 78 _ ‘* 1921 860 79 * 1907 . 404 80. _ 90001052 899 52 + 1008 485 72. «. 1928 940 00 Axp shall have attachedâ€" thereto coupons for the payment of interest thereon; For the North Ward (Polling subâ€"divisâ€" ions No. 1 and 2 united) at The Liedertafel Hall, King Street, Mr. Charles Noecker,Deâ€" puty Returning Officer. s For the West Ward (Polling Subâ€"divisions Nos. 7 and 8 united) at the old Council Chamber in the Market House, Mr. Charles A. Hachnel, Jeputy Returning Officer. Axp WiERrtas the amount of the existing Debenture debt. of the said corporation is for principal the sum of $26,139 and for inâ€" terest the sum of $1,256 and no portion of the said principal or interest is in arrear. Be it therefore enacted by the corporation ofthe Town of Waterloo by the Municipal Council thereof in Council duly convened nd assembled, and it is hereby \enacted. (1) Trrat i6 shall be lawful for the Mayor or the said Town of Waterloo to cause to be raised by way of loan from any person or persons or body or bodies, corporate, who may be willing to advance the same upon the credit of the Debentures hereinafâ€" ter mentioned, a sum of money not exceeding in the whole the sum of $16,000 and to cause the same to be paid into the hands of the Treasurer of the said town for the purposes hereinafter set forth; 1 (2) Trrat it shall be lawful for the said Mayor for the purposes hereinbefore set forth to cause any number of Debentures to the extent of $16,000: to be made and issued of not less than $100.00 . each, which said Deâ€" bentures shall be sealed with the corporate seal of the said Town, and signed by the Mayor and countersigned by the Treasurer thereof : For the South Ward (Polling Subâ€"divisâ€" ions Nos. Sand 6 united) at the office of the Waterloo Woolen Company, King Street, Mr. Geo. Davidson, Deputy Returning Offiâ€" cer. 389 7G 407 36 425 62 444 78 464 80 485 72 NOTICE. that the foregoing is a true osed Byâ€"Law which bas been sideration and which will be by the Municipal Council of n of the Town of Waterl0o, the assent of the electors beâ€" reveto after one_month from ation theveof in the Waterloo spaper such first publication ith day of September, A. D. mt the hour, day and places r taking the votes of the elecâ€" 1d Clerk UX, Clerk 530 41 504 28 579 23 605 29 632 53 660 99 721 82 754 30 788 25 $23 72 D. t s