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'â- â- mmm KNOWLEDGE OF ENGINK What ii'iakeii an automobile Kot\ Well, Iho enjfinc has u Kood deal to do with this mattt'r. But what niakt-s ' the en^ne go? That is an important' â- tory for the motorist. | If the automobile owner has a' knowledi^e of the functioning of the; engine it will enable him to picturej In his mind what is going on under the hood of his car. This knowledge 1 should increase hLs plea.sure and en- able him to take more intelligent care, of this machine both as to caring for its needs and as to the niattftr of over- working it. Then, too, this knowledge will makej it possible for him to have nn inkling •t least of what any trouble is about when the thing doesn't seem to work richt. The gasoline engine which is used in 99 per cent, of all automobiles in this country in \\.Â¥. simplest form con- sists of a cylinder like a stovepipe. Inside of this slides a plug of metal shaped like a drinking glass enlarged, which fits the interior of the cylinder snugly. This piston is' connected to crank by means of a connecting rod, which turns the back-and-forth, or recipro- cating motion of the piston into a rotary motion. This is the motion transmitted to the rear wheels. Automobile tngincs are made up of AIDS IN CARE OF AUTO, from one to twelve of these cylinders coupled together. They are most usu- ally found in coitibinations of two, four, six, eight and twelve. The origi- nal motor car engine was one cylinder. As greater power and flexibility were desired, more cylinders were added. To-day the six-cylinder engine is the most popular type. If the operation of the singrle cyt Under is understood, the action of the twelve-cylinder engine may be readily pictured as each of the twelve cylin- ders does the same sort of work, but each does it at a different time. To cause the engine to generate power a mixture of gasoline and air in the form of a vapor is fed into the cylinder above the piston. To provide this mixture a carburetor is attached to the engine and a valve is furnished which opens to permit the mixture to enter at the proper time. This valve is opened by a cam which is driven by a suitable gearing attached to the crankshaft. This mixture is compressed in the cylinder and then igfnited or set on fire by means of a spark which occurs at the spark plug. When the mixture is ignited it burns rapidly and pro- duces heat. This in turn causes pres- sure on the piston forcing it to slide in the cylinder and through means of the connecting rod turn the crank. â€"AND THE WORST IS YET TO COME OPEN LETTERS TO A FARMER By Rev. M. V. Kelly. C.S.B. (Continued from last week) the farmer's family oblige tbemselve* to aeeutne tba,t their position Is an in- ferior one. Now why dues tbi« sentimeiit so generally and bo forcibly prevgllJ What do you farmers and farmers' families see In town residents to con- vince you of their superiority? Have you ever known them to do anytbins very extraordinary, auything far rv. Veneer. I have one grievance against you and most of your fellow-farraera. it respects your own attitude towards your social position. I fear It all the more keenly because I fear Its tend- ency to turn you and your families from the farm. You are altogether too much given to look upon your • â€" .> ~«w.â€" „.u».,, .u;i.utue i« position as one of Inferiority to most | greater than you could ever hope to others. Instead of pridlog yourselves j do, because they were bom In a town in belonging to a profession which is I or have lived some time in a town or at once the moet noble and most jolty? Do you actually believe that necessary, you seem to feel that a : they are gifted In some inimitable, un- change from k to almost anything In Imaginable way? If their waya of act- a town or city is a promotion. Your 'n* and appearing are *omewhat dif- neighbors' boy or girl, who Is on. the ; ferent from yours, why conclude that way to a professional or business [ yon are Inferior? What is It In them career, is supposed to be acquiring a : that you are always taking off your social status away beyond your as- ! hat to? Try to answer this question plrations. The lawyer, the merchant, I thoroughly. I challenge you all who the banker, the teacher, even the bank «*â-¼Â« it a moment'* thought to say if clerk or civil service copyist, you seem ' " '" â€" "' ready to admit is privileged to look Queer, How Mothers Are! Queer, Isn't It, how mothers are? How peacefully content seem they Just to sit back, and day by day. Let others go the Joyous way; Let other people travel far, Let others have their smiles and fun. Help others get their labors done. Ready to comfort any ona Queer, Isn't It, how mothers are? Queer, isn't It, how mothers are? Kot caring as to what they wear, Although they are so fair, bo fair. But how they work, and how they care. And bring some little Jeweled bar For daughter's hair! How long they'll sew To make her dross "Just right, you know," And fit It, then, with eyes aglow! Queer, Isn't It, how mothers are? Qnee^, Isn't It, how mothers are? Ho«f they will soothe and nurse the pet! How sweet they make it to forget! How can they smooth each little fret, Cach ugly little care and jar! How, In whatever thing they do. The heart of them shines out anew. Forgetting "I" and thinking "You!" Queer, Isn't It, how mothers are? â€"Miriam Tolchner. Conquering Mount Everist Man is Again Measuring His Strength Against the Blind Forces of Nature. This Year Will Witness the Third Attempt to Scale the Peak of the World. Land of Flying Animals. In Au/!tralla there are at least twen- ty species of animals which are aviat- ors. Among them are flying squirrels, flying opMsums. flying mice, and even Hyltut bears. The name which applies to them all Is "phalangor." This means that they have, extending from the front to the hind legfl, a membrane which enables them to float In quite a graceful way from tree to tree. Thpy are not real- ly flying animals, but gliders. The flying squirrel Is said to be the most beautiful ma«mal In the world, it Is odd that In thp land where many animals fly, birds often cannot fly at ull. Both the emu and (ho eassowary are practically wingless, and have to dnpend upon their long and strong leg* to escape from their enemies. LIKe Other Tramps. "All laws won't work.' "No â€" Bom» are 'biim' law.f ' The comers of the world have been drawn together. Adventurers have reached both Poles. The sandy des- erts are fast surrendering their sec- rets. To TImbuctu across the great Sahara Is a mere week-end tour for caterpillar-wheeled motor-cars. Only the great Himalaya, the highest moun- tain range In the world, still calls in unconquered deflance. This year Mount Everest, 29,002 feet high. Is marked tor a strong as- sault by a British expedition organ- ized by the Alpine Club and the Royal Qeographical Society. A Legend of the Mountains. Mount Everest soars ao high â€" assert the Tibetans â€" that a bird flying across the white ridges is inevitably struck blind. The Chief Lama of the Rong- buk monastery once raced the prince of evil to the summit. The Lama did not suffer from bllndne&s or breath- lessness; a friendly sunbeam carried him, and, from the peak, he saw his competitor still struggling among the glaciers. The mountaineers of 1924 cannot follow the Chlof Lama's methods. They must camp on ice and crawl up snow walls against pitiless galee. The long route from Darjeeling Is a test of fitness. The first stage la from Dar- jeeling to tho bridge over the Teesta, Then, up and down, tho path struggles through a magnificent defile, on either side of which huge waterfalls drop down creeper-hung cliffs, while deep pools bar the way and have to bo crossed by rickety uuHpenslon bridges. At the Base Camp. Mules carry the expedition's equip- ment to (Mnimbi. Beyond that, trans- port Is usually on yaks â€" a kind of oxen and donkeys. In 1922 Qeneral Bruce was able to persuade the Chumbi men to travel on to Pharl, and so eke out the available beaats of burden. Some 300 animals carried loads up to the Rongbuk base-ciinip. From Chumbi the track rises in a great sweep to the Tang La, or pass, 16,200 feet above the sea. It was here that the last expe<lItlon almost met with dlHa.stpr In a tearful snowstorm. It is almost as high as Mont Blanc, and marks the transition from humid India to dry and sterile Tibet. Hence- forward tho only beauty is In the air, In the shadow effects of blue and pur- ple on distant mountains. In. the iri- descent splendor of the yielding sands whirh cover most of the dreary way .\nd every day the wind growls and howls moro bitterly. .\bi)ut Kanipa, quite a big town, there is a view of Kveresf. still fifty miles away, but In tiie clear air seem- ing not half that distance. From .She- kar, the In.st point where food supiilies In hulk can Im arranged, the ninrch proceeds across subsidiary ridges and passes to the Rongbuk valley, which receives the snow rivers from the great peak. Here, at 16,800 feet above the sea, 1,000 feet higher than Mont Blanc, is the base camp. Monsoons the Greatest Datiger. The forward pilgrimage passes on to moraine â€" stones on glacier â€" and then, above .a third camp, crosses 20,- 000 feet. The North Col camp, from which the main attacks will be made. Is 23,300 feet up. This year the climbers may assail the mountain from different points; ) the long, rough walk up the East I Rongbuk glacier may be abandoned for a more direct climb to the North Col from Rongbuk Itself Acclima- tisation to high altitudes goes on apace, even at 20,000 and 23,000 feet. In 1922 Colonel Strutt, who was not considered perfectly fit for severe climbing, stayed Ave days at the 23,- 000 feet camp without III effect. Young climbers have been chosen for this mighty expedltUon. Past ex- perience proves that, after a man Is thlrty-flve, his body does not eaally meet the conditions of hard work and low oxygen supply. Gas cylinders will be used again. On the way to the peak, camps at 27,- OOO and 28,000 feet may be made. The party now attacking Everest is the strongest yet sent out. Messrs. Leigh- Mallory and Somervell, who made the great "natural" climb of 27,000 feet, are again to the front. The new men have shown power to withstand ex- posure and do hard labor under diffi- cult conditions. Given good weather, the peak will certainly "go." If the monsoon again Interferes there may be some exciting moments before the whole party Is off the mountain. Everest Is no cub to be climbed and left in a couple of hours. A monsoon storm may rage over a stretch of mountain equal to four days' hard travel! In this Ilea the greatest danger. Driven Back by Storm. This Is the third expedition towards Everest since the Dalai Lama at Lhas- sa granted passage to a British climb- ing party. In 1921 the work was re- connaissance, rather than attack. The northern face of the mountain was then unknown. Messrs. Lelgh-Mal- lory and UuUock did much high ex- ploration. They f;Mind the Rongbuk glacier and Its branch, the West Rong- buk. both of which end against the sheer snow wall of the great moun- tain. .^ rough survey from this informa- tion suggested that a thlnl glacier to Iho east might lead up to an easy ridge. To reach this tlie expedition retired to the Kharta valley during the first monsoon storms, then march- ed westward. In this manner the Blast Rongbuk gladier was disclosed. For the first time a camp was made at 23,000 feet above sea level, on the snow ridge which gives access to the central peak of the mountain. Storm, however, de- feated the party. A terrible blast made further upward exploration im- possible. The net result of 1921 was the discovery of a new route, and a bivouac at higher level than man had yet reached. Chances of the Ascent. The expedition of 1922 was co:n- manded by General Bruce. Its main base was in the Rongbuk glacier, from which three camps led up to an ad- vanced base beneath the 23,000 feet North Col, Tents were fixed among the snows in the col, and porters and climbers remained days together in the thin air. The actual assaults were two In number. The first reach- ed nearly 27,000 feet, and was In an excellent position for victory when the climbers had to retreat. Mr. Morshead had been left. III and frost- bitten. In a bivouac at 25,000 feet, and he had to be brought to camp by night- fall. The second party used oxygen to strengthen the upper air. The cylin- ders were not entirely a success, but the climbers got to the 27,250 feet level and were within half a mile of the peak before they had to return. The ground in front seemed dlfllcult, and the weather was getting worse. The climbers â€" two Europeans and a Ghurka non-commissioned oflJcer â€" had already been storm-bound two nights at 26,000 feet above sea level. A third assault broke down. The monsoon breath had 8otten«d the snow far down the mountain, and he- low 23,000 feet a party of coolies were overwhelmed in an avalanche. Seven lives were lost. The delay brought down a particularly bad monsoon. S!^- hlgh climbing was impossible. The party had proved that U was possible to acclimatise at 23,000 (eet above sea level, to sleep 3,000 feet higher, and to travel on the uppermost snows of the great mountain. These factors are of Importance to the new assault. Messrs. Leigh-Mal- lory, Somervell, and Norton are ex- perienced leaders; their coolies will doubtlera be the men used on the last expdltlou. There seems nothing phygl- cslly Impossible in the ascent. The difference In air pressure at 29,000 feet is a mere trifle less than 27,250 feet. The angle of ascent Is not ter- rific. If the weather permits resi- dence on the upper snows there is no doubt that the party of 1924 is fit to wring victory from the hibhest Hima- laya. down on you and yours. Parents who keep their children at school, allow- ing them an opportunity to fit them- selves for a professional career, are coE.%ldered entitled to the highest commendation. They are "doing some- thing" for their boys and girls; they are helping them to make something of themselves." They rre "bettering ' It Is not simply veneerâ€" because they are polished up in exterior appearance you go on bowing and scraping to them, whether or not there is any- thing beneath their appearance. It la announced that a new bank clerk has come to town. When the whole truth is known, his father's influence per- haps secured the position because he had tried and failed in almost every- thing else; but he dresses beautifully their position" in contriving to get and bows gracefully and you are flat them off the farm. And all this Is so much the more remarkable since you tered to death in having made his ac- quaintance or because he condescends must realize that a greater all-round i to notice you. ability Is required to fill your position It happens that the labor such are than to fill theirs. Is It not simply a , engaged In will not harden their fact that a large proportion of that , hands. They are indoors and their army of store clerks, book-keepers, ' complexions escape being tanned In business agents, civil service clerks *''" °"~ "'^ â€" --. . . were encouraged to leave the fann be- cause of their failure to make good there? And of those who gave promise of real ability in some clerical or pro- fessional occupation, how many plea- sured up to the average farm boy In the practical affairs of life, or could have taken his place there? There are hundreds of thousands ekelng out a livelihood In one or other of these occupations who would be face to face with dJre starvation were they to at- tempt to manage a farm. On the other hand, have you ever known a success- ful farmer who could not have earned a very respectable income at some- thing else? When this failure to appreciate your own work and the importance of your position as farmers is so general. Is It at all surprising that young people grow up with an ambition to embark in some other pursuit. At the pre- sent time, we hear many explanations for the tendency to abandon the land Daily papers, weekly magazines abound in them; the subject furnishes endless topics for ambitious platform speakers. Generally they are beside thp subject. They fail to discover the real cause. If you are making accur- ate ob.5ervatlons among your neighbor farmers, I have no doubt you will ad- mit that the real cause, the most com- mon cause, lies hereâ€" in the fact that the sun. They probably spend more money on cosmetics and more time applying them than you. Perhaps also they have acquired some of the smart expressions of the passing hour and e.xhibit an elegance in dancing the country person has not fully learned to imitate. I ask you to say, honestly, whether it is not just this equipment which makes tho impression, and causa* you all to feel embarrassed In their presence. What a tragedy that your boys and girls should allow themselves to ba â- deceived by such trifling vanities, by such empty nothings; that the young people who are the one persevering hope of the nationâ€" the young men and women who are earnest, capable, endowed with sterling character, full of promise, sons and daughters of the men and women who have made the country what it isâ€" should fail to re- cognize their own true greatness, should allow their nobler aspirations to be forgotten, should fail to discover the value of the state and occupations which made them the people of worth that they are, and should fall down in adulation before those whose position enables them to add a tew frills to their outward appearance! Is it not really time thai tho farming com- munity had learned to assert them- selves ? (To be continued). On a Seventeenth Birthday. To-day my tall broad-shouldered lad. With such a grave, protective mien, I watched with eyes grown strangely sad. Though proud these mother-eyes had been; For brave and bonny seventeen Is not a saddening sight to see, Y'et I have lost, long years between, My little boy that used to be! How well remembered and how glad That hour when happier than a queen, A rosy infant son I had. When all the singing world was green ; With what deep gratitude serene 1 welcomed my maternity: He was the sweetest ever seen. My little boy that used to be! I see him now In velvet clad, And Just a trifle vain, I ween, Showing his neV suit to his "dad," As male birds their feathers preen; His curls had snch a golden sheen. And by his crib on bended knee I'd pray God's love from harm wiuld screen. My little boy that used to be. â€"Anne P. L. Field. Real Obedience. Four-year-old, to her favorite doll, the loss of whose arm expos<>s the sawdustâ€" "Oh. >-ou dear, good, obedl ent dolly! I know I told .vou to chew your food fine, but I had no Idea you would chew It as fine as that." The Spring Cleaning. Hubbyâ€" "Now you've cleaned mt out pretty thoroughly for Easter, what's your next?" wme-"The rugs!':- Over a White Road. By Lereine Ballautyne. Over a white road And far away. Where dream-land beckons At close of day; Tho bright sun goes And shadows creep. And the moon peeps out To vigil keep. Over a white road Where fairies call. The sandman gets you In spite of all. IN RABBITBORO "^