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Britis i Columbia Salmon Fisheries By \l. D. Burdis, Secretary The Pacific Ocea.n and the larg-j th-a river where they were hatched, rivers In Canada along Its 7,000 miles The femalo deposits her eggs In a bed of coastline abound In fls-h of aH made by her In the gravelly bottom kinds, of which the most noted Is sal- of the stream or lake, which are fer- mon of various varieties, bred In Brl- tllized by milt from the male and par- tlsh Columbia rivers. t!ally covered with gravel. Shortly In 1876, three small camnrle were after both male and female die. established on the Fraser River, and The average time from deposit of later canneries were established at eggs to hatching the fry Is about 1*60 various points along the coast of Bri- days, though alight differences In the tteh Columbia and Alaska. All grades species and temperature of the water of salmon were pat up, but the nanve Influence the development. of Fraser River Sockeye salmon main- , Soon after hatching, the young sal- talned its reputation of being th.e mon (j^p <jown to the sea, where they choicest food of its kind. i stay until matured and ready to re- in former years there, was only a produce their species, which usually market demand for the "red-fleshed" occurs in about four years from birth, salmon (popular prejudice having foa- j The return of salmon to the Coast tered the preference), but since the waiters usually follow In sequence; supplies of sockeye decreased on the Spring salmon flahlng begins In Praser River, an ever-increasing d-. iCarch; Sockeye, In the north in June, mand has arisen for Cohoea, Pink and and In the south In July; followed by Chum--, all of which form an air.rac-tive : Cohoes, Pinks, and Chums in the or- and highly nutritious article of food!dw named, the canning season lasting and ar.? being parked in greater quan- j about fc-ur months. Propagation by titles. | means of hatcheries established on There are five distinct species of j several salmon rivers is largely adopt- ealmoa on the Pacillc Coast, viz.: 1. ed as an aid to the natural method. Sockeye, deep red in color, weighing When the season for canning opens about 7 pounds, rich in oil; 2. Chirook, the fish are caught in traps, seine and or Spring, bright red In color, weigh- j gillnts, delivered to the cannery, and Ing from 8 to 80 pounds, moderate oil ' immediately processed. Hand labor content; 3. Cohoes, lighter red In has been superseded by machinery in color, weighing about 8V4 pounds, and! the various processes; the latter has proved to be much more speedy and efBci&nt. The flsta Is thoroughly wash- ad with fresh spring water. A won- derful automatic machine, called the Iron Chink, removes the head, tall, fins, splits the body down the belly and removes the entrails and blood at the rate of 60 tl.-ti per minute. Water under heavy pressure is forced into the carcase during this process. less oil content; 4. Pinks, pink in color, weighing about 6 pounds and light oil content: 5. Chums, Pale In color, weJghing about 7 pounds, light oil content. Sockeye salmon Is bred solely In Briti.-h Columbia, In the Naas, Skeena and Fraser Rivers particularly, and is recognized as being supreme in quali- ty, and obtains the highest price on the market. In migrating from the ocean to the Fraser River in Southern British Columbia, which empties Into the Gulf of Georgria on the 49th paral- lel, the aockeye pass through the Straits of Fuca and Pugrt Sound In the United States, and are captured, packed, and sold under the name of "Sock-eye Salmon," the r<ecognlzed ' trade name for this grade and quality of salmon. LU special qualities are the deep red color of the ile&U and richness In oil, far in excess- of any other description. The "Red" salmon, caught and pack- ed in Alae-ka and Siberia, is distinctly Inferior in quali-ty to the British Co- lumbia sockeye, although it IB some- times wrongfully labelled that well- known trade najne. "Alaska Reds" Imported into Canada must be label- the label being forbidden by the Can* ttty ^ ^ (automatlcaUy placed while dlan Government. fche ^ fe ^^ m]ed) foj . Seasonln4 Return to Hatching Grounds. purposes. All salmon spawn In creek?, rivers | The filled cans are then examined or lakes, and a peculiarity of most of by experienced Inspectors who throw the species fre-quentliig tbe Pacific cut cans that do not come up to stand- Coast is that the -mature 6th return to ard in parking and weight. AND THE WORST IS YET TO COME CQ. REMOVED To LI FT LESS 1 1^ FLOOR. Industry The First Lifeboat One of the most extraordinary cases of what may be called an acciden-tal invention is that of the liftboat. A man named Wouldhave was- out walk- y an The carcase then passes to the butch- ! ln * ooe da y when h was ens, who trim it by hand and remove ; ld woma11 to help ner llft a can of any fragments of fins, etc.. which water whlch she had nUed by man * ittigiit have escaped the Iron Chtnk. It Is then placed hi the flsh-cattini? ma- chine where by aperies of circular re- volving knives it is cut Into properly sized steaks to tit die various sized cam. Canning Operations. Tbe steaks are then conveyed to the filling tables where, if to be hand till- ed, they are carefully placed in cans by operatives using gloves kept scrupulously clean ; or to a filling ma- whlch, by means of a ie steaks with th lengthwise of the can, which holds the In posiition and makes a firm of a broken wooden bowl. The bowl was floating on surface of the water, and as he talked to the woman, WouWhave turned It over hls finger ' !t right- j ed Itself. Amused by its antics he re- peated the performance; then It The History of Quinine. One of the most valuable remedies yet discovered is quinine. The drag haa been known since 1655, when it was called "Jesuits' Powder." The bark has been used in England since 1660, CharlesII. being considerably re- Iteved by It during a bout of fever. Two French astronomers encounter- ad the Lark when travelling In Peru, and sent it home to Linnaeus, the re nowned botanist, who mimed it Cla- chona in honor of the wife of the Spon- ish Viceroy of Peru, who, when ill Investigations carried on by several , ornithologists in the Gulf of St. Law- ! rence and more northern parts of , Canada have brought to light the pos- sibility of an industry of considerable magnitude In the production of elder down. Thousands of eider ducks nest on the rocky ehores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and northword while a few scattered breeding places are also to be found farther south, and these nest- ing grounds provide a potential source of supply of down which is in demand in commerce. The elder duck is an Insectivorous bird which, in addition to its protec- tive virtues, can be made to provide a direct and handsome r%venue. Yet no attempt has been made in Canada to exploit the thousands of birds, and opportunity exists for the building up of an industry which, with the ade- quate protection of the birds, would be permanent, and, in fact, increasing. The industry can be 'made a per-i manent one, because it Is not neces- : sary to kill the birds to secure the ; down which is in such demand. In ! fact, where the most down is collect- ' ed it Is found that the birds increase In numbers most rapidly. The ducks i pluck the down from their bodies to ' line their nests, and It Is from the nests that it is gathered. Two collec- tions of down are made each year, the ' first being mode shortly after the nests are built. This procedure does not interfere with the hatching of the eggs as the ducks immediately provide '. a new supply. The second collection is made after the eggs are hatched and the nests abandoned for the sea- struck him that he had made a won-! with fever, derived gre-.it benefit from darful discovery. The result of hla chance meeting was the self-righting lifeboat, which was designed by him on the lines of the broken bowl. What he had discovered was that anything raa<! of floating material the discharging of guns In the vicinity of nesting places being strictly forbid- den. Under such protection the birds become exceedingly tame and Ilv around human habitations as fearless- ly as barnyard fowl. An Idea of the value placed on the eider duck In these countries may be gained from the fact that not long ago an island off th coast of Iceland, eight square miles in extent, sold for approximately $200,000 solely on account of the eider down produced there. The down is valued highly and the prices range from $2.50 to $5.00 a pound. It is much sought after for the manufacture of quilts, comforters^ etc., owing to the fact that it combines a minimum of weight with a maximum of warmth. Each nest. It IB estimated, supplies slightly over an ounce of down per season, and at the present prices should produce from 30 cents to 50 cents worth of down each year. Under existing laws eider ducks In Canada are partially protected by Do- minion and provincial authorities, and it is probable, as a result of the inves- tigations which have been conducted, that complete protection will be ex- tended. Strangely, the possibilities of developing a valuable Industry have thus far been negiected by resident* of the shores of the St. Lawrence Gutf and along the Arctic coast who have in the eider duck a valuable reeojrc*, to some extent unique, in that Ita po- tentialities increase the more exten- sively it is exploited. Most of the successful women rider* at the English Olympia horse show son. ' this year used an old-fashioned sida- The conservation of the eider duck saddle. Only four of twenty-one t/om- In Europe has been practised for many ] petitors rode astride. Princess Mary, years, and has resulted in the build- as a leader of fashion, rides side- ing up of profitable industries in many saddle, and others point out that a locations, especially in Iceland and I woman not only looks more graceful Norway. There the birds are carefully , riding in that way but needs to be protected in the nesting seasons, even \ better horse-woman. YE.T it. the drug being administered by a native who knew its medicinal value. The attention of the Indian author!- 1 ties being drawn to Cinchona it was .. t h<jard a ^^ , shipped there recklessly and there ^ Mr , were fears that the supply would be HU.T *. auyyij' wuuiu ut? *' A K t M 1 L- ) ' tf and shaped like one half of a basin ! exhausted; definite steps, however '(T," could float only with its convex e-ur-were not taken until 1859-60. Who had a quinsy threat. face downwards. A boat made on 1 The quinine-bearing country was ' " Tf l ' 8 f nothin * : There's a centipede. i o&id Ai r. Thfl on] forel lngpedtent adde<1 I these lines cannot lemain upside down j divided up amongst several searchers. Itor more than an instant when It is ami different species of the drug were shipped to Kew, but with great dif- ficulty owing to the obstruction of the Wh feet. turned over by a heavy sea. "If we could level up pronunciation, we would get over most of our social difficulties," says a scientist. The first meerschaum pipe was made in 1723 by a Hungarian shoe- Peruvian Government. The Gray Day. The scarlet pimpernel, found In most English grain fields, shuts its petals wnn the sky gets dark and Oatmeal is responsible for more dc-| cloudy. Thus, it has earned for Itself fective teeth than cither white flour the name of "Shephord's Weather maker, who was a clever wood carver. ' or rice. : Glass." Rain-Making Insects. Seventy years ago David Living- stone discovered a "rnln-tre" which showered a qua.rt of liquid from ita leaves in about an hour. He did not know the cause until it was discover- ed that the so-called rain-trees of tropical regions belonged, to many families, and that t! - cause was not of vegetable origin at ail, but the work of an insect Mast gardeners, especially those who grow carnations, are familiar with a little green las-eel called a frog- hopper or cuckoo-spit. It 1, in fact. * kind of aphis which has developed a remarkable projectivs adaptation in the form of the) "spit." This Is the sap of the young plant, worked up by the Insect, which &ucks Rup so greedily that the surplus oozes through its delicate skin. This fluid, overflowing, is lashed into froth by the creature's "tail." The whlpped-up liq- uid finally surrounds the creature's body and makes a sort of veil. The same thing occurs in the cae of ttoe "rain-trees." The tropical in- sects are also of the aph.i order, but larger and more numro>uB, so their sttack on the tree causes the strange and, at times, beneficial "rain." Adrift in Open Boats on Indian Ocean Hear Finery. When on the woods the early trust Liet fall its spangled cloak, A dryad left at break of day Her refuge la the oak. And shivering In the -chilly breeze That s-wept the countryside. Lav down upon a mossy bank Among the terns and died. The sumac berrles^re her beads Of corel round and red, The goldenrod was unce the plume That graced her russet head. The aster with its fringe displays The remnant of her frown. The> withered leaves beneath our feet A re all her sandals brown. Minna -Irving. Redurtlo ad Abaurdum. First Man- -"My srife was successful with the exorcises, %nd was reduced to s hundred and twenty pound*." Secon-d Man "Mine fr.lted and was reduced Through a rift in the storm cloudj the moon sent down a broad pencil of light, disclosing two little lifeboats, perilously loaded, which bobbed about like leaves in an autumn gale, uear a crippled 8tea.raeb.ip, wallowing, decks awash In a trough of the waves. The nearest land was nearly 2,000 miles away, across a wildernees of waves, along whose crests ran ribbons of the eerie witch fire of phosphorus. Overhead the mysterious radio was whispering messages of cheer and suc- cor from a vessel lesa than 300 rnlla; away, but it groped tn vain for the antennae. A giant wave had attended to that. Then, in the darkness^ begau a struggle, which adds another epic of bravery to the annals of the sea. "Our oars! It's arms and ash, boys," ordered Cecil Foster, captain of the steamship Trevesea, 5.000 tons, which sailed May 15 from Australia. "Our oars." echoed J. C. Stewart Smith, chief officer of the Trevessa, and the grim fight which ended nearly a mortth later at Rodrigues and Mauri- tius was on. But the Indian Ocean lived up to 1U sinister reputation and claimed ten lives before the survivors were pick- ed up. Each in his tongue, for there were several nationalities in the crew, begged first for water, and then for a priest. They had fought the sen and won v and their bodies craved God's benediction of water and their souls tale grace. Unconsciously sailing away from help that was has'tenlns to them from eacst and south, the two little boat- loads, of mon subsisted for nearly a month on one biscuit and the lid cf s cigarette tinful of condensed milk dally, their water rations beiug doled out by the teaspoonful. The Trevessa, an ex-German stum- er of 3.000 ton*, bekni'.ajg to tlu> Hain Steamship Company, bound for Eur- ope, had covered about l.SOO nvilets of the Journey when she encountered heavy sees, shipped more water than her pumps could haudle. and iu pite of the gallant efforts of th^ crew. It was soon found that It wag a more matter of time before the storm would conquer In th> struggle. S.O.S. messages, g-ivlng ttoo Treves- sa's posi'tt-ni. were sent out Jn*t as the ship wa abandoned, at 2.15 o'clock ID th morulng, replies of O.K. bo-Ing received from tbe Runic and two IP: known vessels, but it was not possible *o wait few promised aid. The two small boats kept together all night, hailing each other through the enshrouding gloom at intervals, their commanders straining thtlr eyes for the >hip lights that would mean help was at hand. The storm ragged; the boats were swept from cl-iff-llke summits of waves to cavernous- depths and up again. But though the anxious watchers on the poorly provisioned craft scanned the horizon until night gave way to dawn, aiul dawn to day. and night came slowly once more, no heartening bulk appeared in the distance. Yet, less than 300 mile* away, the Trevern and the Tregenna were send- ing out reo&suriDg radios! Rain hod added to the discomfort*; the weather was, as the captain said, "dirty," and it was impossible to keep in sight of one another At length, af- ter five days of hide and seek, they lost each other completely. The captain kept his course. A stretch of three days' calm weather permitted him to make good progress, but accident after accident befell. The stepmast was lest, something happen- ed to the rudder, one disaster after an- other delayed them. Two native fire- men died of exposure during a second bad storm. Even then, with the longed-for laud within their vision, they almost knew the fate of Moses, who only looked up- j on his Proiii'lsied Land, for th* treach- erous reefs around the Island nearly | wrecked them, and they were saved In the uick of time from being smashed [ to bits against the rocks. Chief Officer Smith bed a harder I tale to tell when, he finally brought j his crew to safety at Mauritius, after a I twenty-five-day fight against over- < whelming odds. The rain that hail brought some re- lief to the captain's boat was not en- countered by Smith, water rations be- ing reduced to two teospoonfuls every twenty-four hours. In epite of warnJngs, four Indian i members of the crew, under cover of night, drank sea water. That wae the beginning of their end 1 which was madness a-ml then death. Their bodies were committed to the deep within a few hours of one another. Then four British members of the crew died of exhaustion during a FEAR I "I don't enjoy my motor car." sakl Charles Adolphus Squires, "although it gli-tlers like a star and ha* four handsome- tire-s. For always, always aa I ride I'm fearing some mishap; into a ditch the bus may slide and spoil my priceless map. The gas I carry may explode as I pursu* my way, and strew my fragments down the road and up the verdant brae. I often lie awake o' nights and think up grisly scenes, where 1 coX:iJe wi-th other wights, and smash our limousines. 1 see myself on stretcher borne frcm scenes of wreck and woe. wh;ie creditors stand round and mourn and figure what I owe." And fear is spoiling count- less lives, the fear of dole ahead; like- Charles Adolphus wlieu he drives, we fake up things to dread. My ntccea gambol by luy door, they play with old cleg Shep; thny have uo pimple, boil or sor*. they're gay and full of pep. And 1 regard them with a sigh, with twirs their s-port 1 view; '.o-morrow all ths girts may die, of mumps or Spanish flu. I have a dwelling, green and gray, the smoothest sha<k in town; "But storms will ruin It," I say. "or fire will burn It down." 1 wonder why we look for woe iu every coming bi-ew.?; I wonder why we tlon't outgrow such dippy fears as these. period of high winds succeeding tlie ! dreadful deaths of the Indians. The winds w<Me baffling, being in- 1 constant in direction, and strong enough at times to force Smith to reef ' ' his eoil; the compass was useless, and squaily weather made steering by sun and stars frequently an impossible feat, j After twelve days, water gave cut] ' entirely. Henceforth, .for fourteen days, the men had only such water as came to them In Infrequent showers. | What seemed to t-hem the most tra- ' gic occurrence of all was the death o : an Indian, the chief cook, Allchiu, : 1 whose life slipped away only one hour before they hoard the welcome hail of two lone fls-hermen, who took them ': In tow and acted as- pilots through the I ! passage between the reefs Into the 13a!e du Cap. It was 4 o'clock In the morning when tho haJl of the fishermen brought hope I to despairing hearts. It was tlvi j hours later that they reach-ed Ui shore. So completely exhausted, were the survive that t-hy had to be carried i from their boats- on stretchers, crying i . nii;i.shani-.'<i, and uttering thanks to : i God aloud for deliverance. Their first ' requost was for water; tht>ir nxt, for a priest. Lieutenant William Bligh ("Bread- fruit Bligh" as he was commonly call- ed, on account of his discovery and transplanting of this edible growth frcm the Inlands he explored) was a reckl-.-ss voyager cf the eighteenth ' century. His i-p^cia'.-tv seems to have j been IlanJ-i. ai!.l on one of these he , made a somewhat lengthy stay. His I icrew. rather a n-'sperat* lot. mlnglod i ' with the isla-cd women, and when j Hligh at lasi onl:f| that they set sail j iu their mother .vh-ip, the Bounty. th crew refused. Always a domineering scul. Dligh fc-rccxl them, on pain of death, to board the vessel, an-d cast off from the de- lectable shore. Uankling nude:- what they cocs.lder- e;l Injustice, the crew arose against him. th mutineer* puttiug Bl:gh and eighteen loyal sailors Into a small bo:ii, which they humanely slocked with provisions, and leaving them to tbe-'-r fate while they tbem.-vlvea sal-led back U> their Island paradise. Un-daunted. "Breadfruit Hlagh" took command. de!e<i out the food by 1111111)1- fuls. the water in careful quantities, and directed the steering of the frull cruft during the three mouths they tossed at th-e mercy cf the elements lu tbe great gray waeta ef se*. To-day is a ragged wandereV From November's calendar It ! never a September day The wind blows raw, The leaves whip and turn. The trees bend in agony And rain drips ceaselessly From a gray sky. . . . Out In the guiu ID My popples nod Scarlet, pink, golden. Trying to make aie remember That It Is still A long way to winter. The cornflowers are blown and browsy. And the hydrangeas Sweep against the grass. Too rain heavy to hold up '.heir head*. No. it isn't winter yet. But why, cold, gloomy day. Did you come to remind me That it ie no longer summer? The poppy petals drop and blow And only the seed pods bend Awkward and ugly Under the wind. . . . It la a sign .... Summer has fulfilled her purpose; The harvest hurries. , . . Oh. let us draw the curtains And forget! Perhaps the sun will shine To-morrow. . . . Abigail C reason. Colors That Attract Customers. You may pack piils In a pni-e blue) wrapper, but If you sell chocolate* th best colors for the covers or boxes are red, orange, or bright yellow. A good rich brown la not to be despised, but a green or blue is useless. Indeed, t-hoso colors -*U1 actually de- ter a purchaser, even though the con- tents of the package axe of tho highest standard. Manufacturers are only just begin- ning to realize the importance of col- ors in th sale of their wares. Red and orange are warm colors; tlwy ex- cite enthusiasm. Green I* an excellent color for the walla of a room; eo Is pal primrose. These are soft, restful colors, and good fc-r the eye*. You do not want a wall which constantly attracts th eyes, but you do want warm, bright, striking colors to attract purchasers to good* dl3'played in shop windows. Notice, too, th matter cf books how many are bound in red and how brilliant are the wrappers in w-h'ch mv.-i are shown nowajiys. The sales- man who studies colors aud who un- derstands them Is the one who suc- ceeds. The Difference. Eooiioinio-u! Wife "What's tbo dif- ferer-e If I make your shirts or you, buy them at the storT" Hubby "Tl< fit,-