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Jrni (rop Qscjics^ Conducted by Professor Henry G. Bell The object uf this department U to place at the ser- tlcts of our farm readers the uf^ice of an acknowledged â- athority en all Hubjects pertaining to noils and crops. Address all ques'tions to I'rofvssor Henry G. \iv\l, in care of The Wilson I'ublishin.j Company, Limited. Toronto, and anKncrs will appear in this column in the order in whioh they are received. When .writing kindly .mention this paper. As space is limited it ia advisable wlierc im- mediate reply ia necessary that a stamped and addreosed cnveloi>e Lc enrlu.sed with the question, whe:. the uuawcr «'ill be ..luih-d direct. m . The Bu.siness of rnrming. â€" V. | made, with the object of finding wliati How to know what to use. -When | to use and how much. First the cropa it comes to using fertilizer.') the prac- 1 '"â- ere analyzed and it was found that tical business farmer is faced with certain crops removed characteristic the ono great question, "How shall j quantities of planlfood, as _shown in I know what to use?" This question; the following table: is asked in various forms, ono man! Now this was true of crops whe- asks, "What do my soil.s need?" an-|ther jrrtiwn in England, Scotland, other, "What will pay?" United States or Canada, or in anyi In our previous work we have out- 1 other part of the world; hence the, lined the great primary essentials | <^l'cin's' argued that if the soils were â-  which to a large extent determine the: analyzed and the crops were analyz-] profit of the use of fertilizers. In- j ed, that the exact amount of plant- ' deed they actually determine the food to apply could be determined and profit from the crop that is grown. I Proper methods outlined. However, S^:^ s^^*s*s«^ i'.:**? '^^^ "Mttking two Wades grow whtie only on« grew before." Don't Exp^rir^ont With Fertilizers Let the other fellow risk his season's crop and livingâ€" you stlclt to the trlod and proven winner, Gunn's "Shur-Galn." New fertilizers face you at every turn, but remember, for a completely balanced soil food made by men with many years' experience with Canadiaa farm needs, you can't beat ^^4i!iD^ " riur-Qam Fertilizers II Tbo soil mu.st be in good mechanical condition if air is to circulate therein and if sufficient moisture is to be held in which plantfood can be dis- solved so that it can bo taken up by the crop. These aro nature's de- mands. They are no humanly im- posed regulations, but they are uni- versally required. Moreover, for many crops the soil must have a sweet reaction, hence sufficient lime must be returned to keep the soil from becoming acid, under which con- dition neither tho free bacteriio, nor the bacteria on the roots of the legumes would thrive. In our last article we tried to make plain the nature of the essentials of plantfood whether found in the soil manure or in fertilizers. Lack of this necessary information has |at times resulted disastrously, because the full importance of the plantfood which the crop needed was not real ized. It i.s our object to clear up this lack of information. You will remember that nitrogen wa&«the kind of plantfood that caused the growth of stalks and leaves of plants. Phosphoric acid was the kind of plantfood which ripened the crops and materially increased their root growth, while potash was the food that gives strength to the crop to resist disease and materially assists in the laying down of starch in the grain or fruit. When the question comes up, "What fertilizer shall I use," you should keep in mind the actual nature of fertilizers. There is nothing mys- terious or wonderful about them. actual application of this scheme of doing things did not bring satisfac- tion, for several reasons. Some of the most important reasons for this discrepancy were as follows; (a) The mechanical condition of soils was so vari.^ble in different areas of similar types of soil and these variations in mechanical con- ditions had so much to do with the growth of plants that the variations in chemical analyses had very little bearing on the situation. (b) Various plantfood elements were held in diflferent soils in dif- ferent chemical combinations, some of which could be used as plantfood, while others could not. Chemical analyses of soils did not distinguish between the available and unavail- able forms in which the plantfood was held. It was no uncommon thing for chemists to analyze soil samples and Get your requirements in at once before it Is too late. Gunn's Shur- Gain Fertilizers not only mean an early start tor your crops, but a steady stream of plant food right through the growing period, meaning strong, full-headed, dlseaserbsistlng growths. We have a mixture to suit your soil and crop. Ask your dealer about Gunn's "Shur-Galn" to-day and write us for interesting Booklet, "Bumper Crops." GUNN3 LIMITED WEST TORONTO, ONT. WHAT YOUR CHILD UNDER SIX SHOULD EAT First Symptom.s of the Contagious Diseases of Childhood. By Helen Johnson Keyes (So many enquiries have been received regarding a recent atinounce- ment in this column that we decided to publish this valuable information in full for the benefit of all our readers. â€" Editor.) Tho child between twelve and eigh- teen months old should have five feed- ings daily, with about four hours be- tween them. To eight ounces of milk Corned beef, dried beef, game, kid- ney, liver, ham, sausage stuffing. Fried vegetables of all kinds. Cu- cumbers, onions, celery, radishes, let may bo added two ounces of barley, ] tuce, tomatoes, beets, eggplant, corn, wheat, arrowroot, farina, or other farinacious food. This should be cooked very thoroughly and then pineapple. Tea, coffee, and all alcoholic drinks. Salads, cheese, rich cake, pastry, which will pour. The exact amount report that the elements were found j for twenty-four hours should be made in sufficient quantities in a certain up at one time, and, after it has cool- soil to grow highly profitable crops. led to body heat, it should be added to When this chemical analysis was the milk and pasteurized with it. strained so that it is thin like a jelly preserves, jams, and candies. Suggestive Menus. EIGHTEEN MONa'HS TO TWO forwarded to tho farmer sending in the sample, he was disappointed at times, because ho knew that, although his soil may be nported to contain sufficient plantfood, it actually did not produce paying crops. Hence, the At the midday feeding this should YEARS.â€" Breakfast rSoft boiled eggs or cereal or scraped rare beef. Bread and butter. Glass of milk. Dinner: Boiled i-ice or baked potato or broth be preceded by beef juice, beginning I with barley or rice in it. Bread and with one tables-poonful and mcreas- ing to two ounces. If the baby docs not like it alone, add lit cold to the bottle of milk and cereal, after pas- idea of anyone analyzing the soil and! teurization. In warming the bottle telling exactly what to apply in) be sure that it is not heated above order to get certain crop yields fell j one hundred degrees, as beef juice I Butter and bread, glass of milk into disrepute, and the lidea of soil i becomes indigestible at higher tem-l Wnner: Roasted or boiled beef, mut butter. Custard. Glass of milk Supper: Bread and milk. A table- spoonful of cooked fruit pulp. TWO YEARS TO SIX YEARSâ€" Breakfast: Soft egg or cereal or a small amount of beefsteak cut fine. analysis as a final court of appeal in i peratures. order to find out what to use was set aside. It is sometimes hard for one who What Crops Remove From the Soil. Crop Wheat Yield per acre 20 bus. Com Clover 40 buBV 2 ton Sugar Beets . . . Oats Barley 10 ton 60 bus. 60 bus. Plantfood Removed Nitrogen Phoa. Acid Potash 41 13 17 56 21 23 83 18 »8 30 14 71 48 18 40 61 24 47 Then typical soils were analyzed and they were found to contain the same plantfoods in tho quantities shown in the following table; Plantfood Supplies in Soils. Plantfood. Soil Sandy Soil . . . Loam Limestone Soil Nitrogen Low Fair Medium to Low Clay Fair to Good Muck and Peaty, High Phosponic Acid Low Medium to Low Fair Fair, frequently unavailable. Low Potash Low Fair Low Fair, frequently unavailable. Very Short They are carriers of exactly the same plantfood as is supplied by manure, but in a much more concentrated form. Complete fertiilizers carry nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, in foi-ms in which it will readily dis- solve and become available as plant- food. Now, plantfood in this form is very closely comparable to rich, easily digested food which you feed to young stock. The reason for feed- ing this easily digested Jood to the «tock is to give them a healthy, vig- orous start in life. The same reason to a largo extent underlies the use of fertilizers on crops. Fertilieers are not stimulants, they are food. Frequently ^we are asked If a man u<"»s fertilizers once will he always have to do lo. There is absolutely no compulsion as to the use of fertiliiz- er« any mor* than there it as to miking a good livelihood. If a man follows a businet* to-day where he can make a fair return for his ef- forts, there i« no obligation whatever that he shall continue that same buai- nesfl to-morrow, but the probability is that he will do so, because he finds it profitable. Thi« Is the basi« on Thich to place fertilizers. If the use of fertilizers returns a profit, no further argument to induce their use has not studied chemistry to fully approci.ite t. c importance of this fact. Let us illustrate. Let us say a man wh.i is !:ot informed on general farming principles buys a piece of land in a certain moderately good territory. He determines to raise meat stock. Not knowing the breeds, he picks up a lot of calves, some of which do fairly well, others of which never make satisfactory beef animals. Now he has a type of animals from which to produce meat, â€" he has cat- tle; but the farmer who knows, could go to his barn and tell him that he might feed Ayreshire or Jersey calves all their lives and still not produce good beef steers. Had he picked out calves bearing a large percent, of beef blood such as Shorthorns, Aber- deen Angus, or Hereford, his results would have been entirely different. The point is that the lack of informa- tion as to the essential character of the breeds prevented him from using the right breed, hence the odds were against him from the vei-y start. Again, everyone knows that at cer- tain times of the year merchants of Beef juice may be made in two ways: (1) Broil very slightly a piece of lean steak an inch and a half thick, then squeeze out the juico with a meat press or old-fashioned lemon ton. Iamb, or chicken. Baked pota- toes. One green vegetable. Tapioca, rice, or sago pudding or cooked fruit pulp. Supper: Bread and milk. First Symptoms of the Contagious DiscaEics of Childhood â€" .Mea3les. The first symptoms of measles are squeezer. This will make about four! a cold in the head, red, watery eyes, ounces of juice. Add a little salt or ^ sneezing and coughing, whit* spots celery salt, but no other seasoirlng. | on the inside of the cheeks, dullness, (2) Chop finely one pound of lean i headache, backache, sleepiness, raw steak, and let it stand in eight | The rash usually appears about ounces of water in a covered di.sh the fourth day, first behind the ears. INfEBNATIONAL LESSON MARCH 23. Le<;son XII. Israel Warned Against Compromise â€" Josh, 23: 1 to 24: 28. Golden Text, I Cor. 15: 33. 23: 1-13. The "elders" were chiefs or leading men of tribes and clans who had authority both in civil mat- ters and lin war. The "heads" were the representative chiefs of family groups or small kindred clans. The "judges" were either the heads of clans and tribes, or were men spec- ially chosen for that office, as in Exod. 18: 21-22. The "officers" were police marshals, v/ho preserved order, had charge of processions and made proclamations. "He that hath fought for you." It is a common thing, in time of war, for each of the opposing forces to claim that God is wth them. It ,is better, surely, instead of such a claim, which might seem boastful, to seek most earnestly and humbly to do right and so set ourselves on God's side, for we may be sure, what- ever our boast or claim, that God is for and will defend the right. The causes of the war which Israel wag- ed for the possession of Canaan are largely unknown to ua. It is pro- bably not true to say that it was an entirely cruel and unwarranted in- vasion of territory to which Israel had no moral claim or right. Cer- tainly Moses and Joshua regarded it as the land of their fathers, promised them by Jehovah, their God. That they were sincere and honest in th.o.t belief there is no doubt. If there was an entire disregard of the rights of the small nations which they drove out or dispossessed, then we must ad- mit that a serious ^vrong was done. We could not acquiit of the charge of barbarianism and cruelty those who committed to fire and sword a whole city with its people, as for example, Jericho (G: 21), and Ai (8: 25 26), and the fact that they thoug'ht it to be pleasing to God does not justify the act in our eyes. At the same time we must remember the customs and standards of conduct of that age, so long before Christ, and their ways of thinking, which were in so many respects different from ours. Our judgmentâ€" must be reasonable and balanced. Above all, we must reeojf- nize the sincerity, the faith, and th« really high ideals which were the in- spiration of tho leaders of Israel in this age. It is by such faith and such ideals that progress is made possi'ole, "That ye turn not aside." A high standard of righteousness was set. before them in their book of law. From that they must not turn aside. They will meet temptation In their as.^;ociation v.ith the Canaanilcs, and especially in their acquaintance with the seductive and sensuous rites of Canaanite idolatry, but they must re- main true to their own God. "Cleave unto the Lord your God" is Joshua's earnest and insistent command. "One man of you." Joshua knows the strength of purity and fidelity. Samson lost his strength through drunkenness, David through lust, Solomon through luxury. Joshua be- lieved that a man of Israel, true to his God, will be strongr than a thou- sand, and he was right. "Snares and traps." That is ex- actly what the intimate association and intermarriage of Israelites with ^ Canaanites proved to be. The people I of Israel were ensnared in the vices I and idolatries of the^ Canaanites. I How often this brought trouble and i disaster upon them may be seen in I the book «f Judges. See for example, j Jud. 2: 3, 11-15; 3: 7-8; 10: G-8. ! 14-16. "Not one thing hath fail- : cd." Such was the splendid testi- mony of the old warrior about to lay 'â-  down his arms and commit his soul ! to God. Not one thing hath failed ] of all the good words of God. But i just as sure as the good which i-o the I reward of truth and faithfulness, so i sure is the evil that is the penalty of I falsehood and a broken covenant. 24: 1-28. In his second speech, ' Joshua reminds the people that their ancestors "served other gods," and I that Jehovah had taken Abraham \ and given him this land and set him j upon a new way of faith. He recalls ' : their bondage in Egypi; and their ': great deliverance. He reviews inci- j dents of their wars and victories. In â-  all he shows the hand of God, His j loving care and His bounteous goodi ' ness. Knowing how deep-rooted are i the tendencies to polytheism, he ; urges again fidelity to Jehovah, and \ challenges them to make once for all I their choice between Jehovah and "the gods of the A.norites." He de-' clares his own choice for himself and j his house, and the people respond heartily with theirs. But Joshua ! says, "Ye cannot serve Jehovah; for j He is a holy God; He ,i3 a jealous- I God." He means that they cannot I divide their allegiance and their ser- , I vice between Him and another. They ' answer, "Nay, but we will serre- - hovah." - -1 from six to eight hours in a cold place. Then put the meat in a piece of perfectly clean, coarse musliin, and twist Cut the juice. Season with a little salt or celery salt. Once a day â€" preferably half an hour before the first morning feed â€" give from one to two ounces of orange, prune, or ripe peach juice. If the bowels are too loose, discontinue this until they are normal. Twice a week a soft bo.iled egg (3 minutes) with dried bread or un- sweetened cracker crumbs grated in it may be fed .instead of beef juice. When the child is eighteen months old the milk need no longer be pas- teurized, and it should be taken from a cup. Three meals a day, with a glass of milk between each, may be begun. Cereals need not be strained, but may be served as porridge with milk over them â€" preferably no sugar. If the teeth are well advanced, from one- half to one tablespoonful of raw scraped beef or mutton may be given at the midday feeding three times a week. Chicken or mutton broth, from which all the ^ease has been remov- ed, may be giiven on the other days. Well-baked bread which is not too fresh may be spread with butter and accompany each meal. The pulp of prunes or baked apples, a tablespoon- ful at a time, may take the place of fruit juices. From the ages of two to six years the child will require more and more solid food. Milk should continue to be the chief article of diet, however. At least a quart a day should be drunk. Cream is valuable, and all sorts are m the habit of going i. u i ». , , V > i .u,„..-,u ti,.! .* 1 „ 1 .1- should be put on cereals and baked through their stockrooms and takinal . . â-  j .^i. i. .n. m ^ . „ ,. , ,' , ,"•* I potatoes or mixed with broths. Two stock or finding how much they have ,. 4-„ i r.. t i i „ i,„„ 1 * .u .• 1 i. u'o'" three ti'mes a week soft boiled, on hand of the various ai-tic es which u i r,. n i I poached, or soft scrambled eggs are is necessary. If properly used they they sell. Now this is good practice _^^^,g,, g^^f ^^,.^ ^^^^^ „^ ^^^ are just as sure to return profitable , and is very largely comparable to^^ite meat of a chicken can be taken results as is good food sure to give soi surveys which our P'ovmc.al! „„^^ ^ ^ ^ut on no account veal or strength and energry to a man as he Soi Departments are just getting .^ j^^^. ^ ,, i,^.^,,^,, ^,„^^„) p^. well under way. This gives a certain: ,„,„„, „„., u„ ,•;,.„„ u„v»,t ... ,.,.,„i. on the neck, or at the roots of the hair on the forehead. which case it does away with the frightful spasms and shortens the course of the illness. Scarlet Fever. Vomiting, fever, sore throat, and prostration are symptoms of scarlet fever. The rash appears from twelve to thirty-six hours after the first symptoms â€" sometimes not till the third or fifth day. It is seen first on the neck, and spreads rapidly to the entire body. It is contagious from the very be- giinning and long after the patient has seemed to recover, sometimes even fourteen weeks. It is a germ which remains about the furnishings of the sick room when there has been no disinfection, and contagion from Measles is very contagiious from *''*^^ ^"^ ^^^" known to occur two the onset of the symptoms for about three weeks. It develops from eleven to fourteen day.s after exposure. It is often followed By broncho- pneumonia, an exceedingly dangerous complication. Deafness, eye weak- ness, throat trouble, severe inflam- mations of the intestines, and tuber- culosis of the lungs or of the bones deafmutism years after the sickness, It develops from two to six days after exposure. It is followed by many serious com- plications, such as inflammation of the kidneys, rheumatism of the joints, heart weakness, thin blootl, and bad conditions of the throat. It is a frequent cause of deafness and type of valuable .infor(nntion, butj while the merchant's taking of his has on hand, it does not tell him a thing about how many pairs of shoes i«kcs it day by day Within the memory of some of the oldest Ontario farmers there was a fre&t cry raised regarding soil •nalysifl. When the theory of plant- deeding and plantfood supplies in the aoil was first developed in Europe, during the early part of the 19th ai>tom"l"le parts he can sell during Century and its teachings began to "j" ,>'«"'• "O"" •'<»«* chemical analysis take root in the pastern part of the "^ ^''^ »<"' ••«" ""yth'nsr •>ut the total .Worth American cortinent, it was "'"f""'^ "' plantfood of certain kinds (thought that cheniical analysis would *''''''* *"* "'^'^ "^^ *«'"' »"' "^ the i tatoes may be taken baked or m:isli- ed, but never fried. , ,, , , , , â-  Most children dislike green vegc- annual inventory le s him what he ,. ui i .. .i, _ ^ •-. . ^ , 1. 1 •• 1 L L i7 1 • I tables, but they are moat important in small quantities. The only desserts allowed should ?'..l'°''',,r"l_*l"^''..°'â- ""'"'".?^'l'*^•'^be custards, junket, rice pudding without raisins, and home-made van- illa ice cream. The evening meal should consist only of bread and milk. Ha the great sav^'rg agent, hence frreat ousntiti^ of soil analyses were' sail. (To be continued.) The following articles should ba forbidden children until they are six years eld at least: are some of the dreaded after-effects of this disease â€" to which at one time parents actually exposed their children. It is specially contagiious between the ages of six months and eighteen years. Mumps. Pain in the jaw just below the ear is usually an indication of mumps. Sometimes there ia headache, back- ache, vomiting, and low fever. Dry mouth, swelling. It is mildly contagious from the first symptoms until about ten days after the swelling subsides. It develops from seventeen to twenty days after exposure. In young children the disease ia not likely to be followed by com'plica- tions, although occasionally deafness and kidney trouble result. When people suffer from it after they are eleven or twelve years old there are serious dangers which require the most careful attention of a compe- tent doctor. It is particularly contagious be- tween the ages of four and fourteen. Whooping Cough. A cough, which instead of passilng away, increases for, three or four weeks, when the whoop is heard first, i.s whooping cough. It is very contagious from the first for at least two months. It develops from seven to fourteen days after exposure. Babies under two year.^ of age are more likely to catch this disease than any other contagion, and for them it is very dangerous. In the case of older children it is seldom fatal, but lung troubles, convulsions, and (in- testinal inflammations do sometimes follow it even with them. The horl-ors of whooping cough have been greatly reduced by the use of an innoculation against it. This is used both as a preventive â€" like small-pox vaccination- and as a rem- edy after the disease has started, in. It is most contagious between the ages of one and five. Wooden handles should first be moistened and sprinkled over with fine, clean, dry sand and then driven into place, and they will stay. The ef- fect of the sand is like that of fine teeth biting into the wood and metal parts till both are firmly bound to- gether. Of course, this does not ap- ply to all wooden handles, but only those in common every-day use. N.B. 8KBD POTATOES Rosas, Hebron*. Cobbltrs, Ddawarw, <\t%tti MouDtaltia an4 Stiver D«Uar«. Strlol sitantlon larva or araall ordara. f. L. BSTABR00K8 A CO. (Dealare In lUy, Potatoa* k Prodoca) SAOKVILLI, N.B. POTATOES Mi 10 Naw VarisUaa ran poslUralr b* from on* Paokat of Hyl)rt- otato Saada. Erarv htU â- Wilt crant. All «olpnL ahjiDaa e.nd gkaf May ba wort& i ^Id mine. ^B t mlaa thaaa rarest ttkd most Sonoerfui ot Baada, Packet, witti iraotlons. 16o,, 4 for SOc 10 tve 11.09, with our booklet, "Ktoklhe the Oarden Pay." VABAT'I laXO BTOBB Oavt. X BSD OorolvaataT St. W. KOVTmSAZ., QOX. Varicose Veins? TnBAB THIS Hon-Slaatlc Ztoced Btookiaff SAVZTABT, as th«y may he waxht'd or boiled, hJtSVSTAXLS. laced like a leBglng; always flts. COlCrOST&BZiB, made to measure; light and durublc. COO£, contains NO Rl'B- BER. 1.500,000 SOLD XOOSOMZOAIi, cost }8,60 each, or two for the same Umb, $6,60, postpaid. Write for Catalogue and Self-Meaeurement Blank CorUaa Umb SpeclaltT Co. S14 Nav Biika BldK- Kontreal, r.Q. SPRING MUSKRATS In Big Demand Highest Prices Assured by Sending to Wagner, Brasier & Company 84 FRONT ST. EAST TORONTO Established 1907 Send a Trial Lot Results Will Please You SPRING MUSKRATS We pay the best price for Spring Muskrats Send any Furs you have. You are assured of satisfaction In price and treatment. ABBEY FUB COMPANY S10 8t. Paul St. Wv Montreal, Que. In business for 30 years Rj^ftrence: Bank of Hochelaca, St. Henry. ACr<^Saver2 Top>Dre«s Fall Wheat With Fertilizers Prosts and thaws liave done dbnr ^erable damage to VaiX Wheat by Ineving the soil. Spring tei»-dTes3iiic li oitcu tilt Ufe<«ver. „â- ..,• >,# Increases from Top-dressing with Fertilizers Increase In yields Ohio r.iperi- mcnt Station (or a period of ?t yean was 13.3 bushels per acee-.- OntaHo .\aricaltural CoUefto reports an Increase of 8.S bushM* per aero. â-  -v*. >*â-º Make sure of yoitr craae catch mid in- CToase your whoat. yield thll aprinf by feediag the wc>±k plaiUs. ^ IT FAYS TO tnBTIUZa Write for Paiiiiph!tt No. 1 â€" "Fiodias lim JSOod'! The Soil and Crop Improvement Bureau ' of tfaa CeoadUa riillHw( f|iiui.hihi» 1 J.10K TEMPLE KLDO., TOROMTTO ' i 1 t. I