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THE ART OF BUYING COWS By Chas. E. Richardson. Every dairyman that is up-to-date, not remember of ever flndiiiff a cow knows all of the fine points about over ten or twelve years old that was judging cattle. That is, the large ^'"" •'"^'''- Aft€r that age it seems to ' twisted milk veins, large udder with !'" ""'^ ^"' ^^^ °':'"'\ '° ''"•^''^- .""- MATIFRIN'r: I ATI? u At^^,.T„^ 11 , â-  , . , . less one has a particular reason, it i.s Late hitched ch icl . « f n "^^^CHED CHICKS. well placed teats, wedge shape body: well not to buy an old cow; if a started with pnthM«,».m i"*''n^. . I *"<»"<? with the feeuing or the gen- and other markings which go to show young cow is bought and doe.s not suit' anced >-,tinn« a7 t oal- , eral manajrement. June-hatched | that a cow Is u good animal for the ' it is much easier to get rid of her than more In m r l '"""":'' P".'"*^ i Leghorns have between eix and .seven Pui-pose which one wants her for. But, ' an older one. into theii manHD-pm r^'^.f^fi X'^lt â- "'^"^•'3 growth by the first of Jan- there are other things which are nee-! If one can buy a cow just before she tra into th» iiti v. ""<^,""f 'y they uary and should be rea-dy to All the ' essary to know when one has to buy a ' "comes in" here is a better chance then fd and with iTttll nn f . ff "" ' '^^ ^"'^'^ ^y that time. I cow. 1 to get some money back that has been Drofltahlp wi, .Tr u1 n u*T' "^^^ problem with the late-hatched There is the risk one must take invested; the calf is worth something, proniaoie. v\ hen late-hatched chicks chicks > . . are to be raised to maturity, every ef- YOUR PROBLEMS BV Motters and daughtera of all ages ars coijlally inviied lo wi.ie lu th'* oepartment. Initials only will be publis/iea witn each quettion and Iti answer •B a means of identification, but full name and address must be fliven In each letter. Write on one side of paper only. Answers wlil Da mailed direct i* •tamped and addressed envelope >s enclosed. Address all corresponcJenco for trtix department to Mrs. Helen Law. 23S Woodbine Ave., Toronto. is to keep them grooving 1 when getting a strange animal â€" tuber- ' And then again .she can be taken cure fort must be mad 1^" i' """i,"" rapidly with just the right amount of culosis. There are not, to the ordin-|of and one can get the full benefits rapidlv or thev w^ll h P *, "" : forcing and no more. It is hard to i ary purchaser at least, any external] from her, where if she was bought lat- atunted in eiowth Th^^^^ n^h '^^^^^^^ ^^'^^ '" "^ords, but the experi- j sijf ns which would give him a clew to ^ er on she man have dropped off in her BPlHnm lov nntii *u« Jl^^ " then'eneed poultryman soon learns just.'ier being tubercular. Of course, if milk flow, enough so that to get her to wi 1 h^n?^,>H "^f '^"u^' t^'^^y ' ^'ow much food and care a pullet needs ' she was so bad that she was going to wui be ot httle or no value as breeders ' and they will cost their owner more : than they will ever be worth. It will usually pay better to sell half a flock : rather than try to mature the whole flock on half rations. Sour milk is an important factor in do her best, one would have to wait until she freshens again. If one buys a cow that is fresh or ibout to freshen there is less chance to keep her stepping right along to- ' die within a very short while, then ward maturity. Boiled oats aro ' there might be some indications that cheap, desira'ble feed. Toe chicks [ all was not all right. But a cow in will eat a large quantity and it will i that condition would not be up fori that she Ik an aborter. Purchasing a stretch their crops and give them the ' sale. It is the cow that is apparent- j cow that has had her calf for some capacity of large consumers. In the ly well, and still has tuberculosis I months, or one that has had her salf causing late hatchpH hi W ' early fall the birds can be forced by j which will develop, that the buyer I just sold (?) makes the risk of getting rapidly A "well b 1 "^ H H ^^°'Z '"'X''"? boiled pumpkin with the dry makes the mistake when purchasing, a cow that has abortion greater. Once shoulrl hp h»fnr» tV^f"!. ,. n J^ "^^^^ ""til it is a crumbly mixture. , Ther? seems to be only one way that ' alwition gets into a herd, it is hard to They muH receive a r-int^ ^ h T^' ' '^^'^ '**'"^ ^ stimulate the appetite! one can protect himself when he is get it out. There is no test for abor- i. nlAntvof o.r„^„ f 'i j^^H'^j'^ ! ^"'' t'^* ^^^'^^ ^'â- Â® able to eat a great buying strange cows; that is to know tion. It sometimes takes vears to get be provided to elimSeTheSr^^^^^^ °* - ^^^^th-making material. ! that the cow has been testetl recent- it out of a herd. Of cours^, if one can too great exposure to hot summer sun I When feed is high there is a tempta- ! ly. Unless one is getting a cow very ; buy from a reliable owner the chances Both the hot and thp.oMx„ln!v^^^ ^""^ '"''^ the late-hatched cheap it does not pay to take a , are lessened, but one cannot be too ootn tne not and the cold winds which ,.hl,.Ua =, ^^,»a,^I„ „o r.^.<,;u}^ n<^f„„ ,.t,an^n .^^fH^n- ar, „„f„=to^ ,.„,„ f,„,„ ' *,.i . II chicks as cheaply as possible. Often chance getting an untested cow from ' careful, summer and earlv f.lT "Jm .In'l^fn fl' ' '* "'"'*' '" underfed stock. That is strangers. And then, if a cow is sold j When one buys a cow that is perfect erable ininr^ fn fhl vmir.„ kL .i" ^ ^^^ ^''^^ that never pay for the little too cheaply, then is the time to sus- in every way, that is the time to "look BoTadra7d protection a'^re very e"' ; Lt^ hSed " ullet is 2l d""''"^'' ' '"^ *''' '''" ""'• '' "â„¢''^""' "'" ''' "'''^ '^ "" ""^'^'•" °' "" sential . ' ^f^Dm'rY^ Ti, . * I. .. 1. I ,. • 1 , • ! down poultry profits The ate-hatched ch.cks must be rig- fl<.iently cut already, idly culled in the fall. It is probably I . best to sell all the cockerels as broil- ers as soon as they reach broiler age. The earlier hatched cockerels make larger and more vigorous breeders in our experience, especially if they are to be mated with year-old hens about the first of January for early hatching i ?" eggs. We do not like to keep late- hatched cockerels into the cold weather except for home use. and even those are out of the way by the Christ- mas holidays. The lata hatched pullets need severe culling to remove every bird that will not stand a show of laying by the first of January. There is no money in keeping under- They are suf- to cut j wrong somewhere, or she would not be haps she is "breeehy," that is, jump sold cheap! \ fences like a deer. Or maybe she will One thing that I always do when I kick you off the seool when she has am looking a cow over that is for sale, to be milked. is to feel her udder all over. I Really, the only right way to build bought a cow once that I neglected to up a herd is to raise your own stock: do that to, and after getting her home from a pure-bred bull. Then you Dehorning Calves. | I found there were lumps in her udder, know somewhere near what you are Many dairymen object to the horns While I never have had any bother ! d'oing. But to go out and buy a good dairy cattle, and practice dehorn- ! from them. I do not Chink that it is ! cow. now-a-days is a "game of ing the cattle they are to keep in their well to buy a cow with such; they may . chance," even to the experienced, herds. The horns are of no value. ; develop into something serious. | --V scheme that I have when I want and may be a source of injury to the I I do not remember of ever reading to buy a cow is as follows: I go into cattle themselves and to the care iin any book about trj-ing a cow's the barn of the owner of a cow that taker. | teats, to see if she milks easy. I is for sale. I look her over carefully In the case of pure-bred cattle in- j have learned that to have a hard milk- and let him tell his story. I feel, tended for show purposes it is advis- er, is trying on one's patience. So I though, that he is selling the cow that j able to leave well-shaped horns on I always try each teat to see if they he thinks is the poorest in his herd. I I, the animals, as the horns add to the are easy to get the milk out of. look over the other cows and ask about •ize pullets over winter when they are ' appearence of their heads. In :ome I Of course, there are supposed to be thsm. Generally I can find one or physically unable to lay until well! '^ases sales of animals might depend! "'^^^ to tell how old a cow is by look- two that look pretty good to me. The along into the next spring. A Mediter- i *^°" whether or not they have horns, j ing for the rir.-gs on her horns. The chances are that they are the ones ranean pullet should be in a laying! ^" dehorning dairy animals the de- . first ring is supposed to mean three that he does not want to sell. Then I condi-ion at six months of age and the I '-"^^a^*^ '" milk flow is not so great as ' years and each other one represents feel that if he wants to keep them heavier breeds should lay at ei^hti commonly believed. In the case of, another year. But there has to be they must be all right and I try to get months. There is no use in trying to ' °"^ ^^""^ °^ "•'^ '^"ws in milk which I more or less judgment used with this him to set a price. I try to buy one make them lay before that age as they ! ^®re dehorned, the milk flow was low- ' method, I have found. Especially if of them. Even at a l)etter price, they • â-  - â-  - ' ered for three days, but after this! the horiis have been broken or worn a are generally worth more. Ireason time became normal, and at the end r lot. Then again, there ai-e many cows that the seller wants money. He of the fir.st week after dehorning was j that are without horn.-i. I always look picks out the poorest cow to sell, as slightly higher than the previous at the front teeth, which, if nice and cheap as he can. If I offer a good week, as shown by the daily milk even, I would be more apt to feel that price for a good cow and he needs sheet. The greatest difficulty in de- ! she was not very old. as old cows the money, I may get a good cow rath- need that much time to reach their natural development. If they do not lay by that age, there is something ThQ Safest Investment CANADA'S Victory Bonds Due 1922, 1927, 1937 PRICE 99 '/i AND INT. Mrs. E. C. C: To remove freckles try the following lotion: bismiuth sub- nitrate, 2 drams; unguentum simplex, 2 ounces. Mix and apply to the skin at night, and remove in the morning, previous to washing, with a little cold cream. When troubled with chronic eczema, one should avoid fats, starches and coffee. To ease a pinch- ed finger, plunge it into water as hot as can be l>orne. as this will lessen tlie pain and prevent the throbbing. ; Roxina: There is no excuse for ic- ing cakes at all now. Every day we are being reminded more and more forcibly that sugar must bo saved. Your little girl will enjoy her birthday party all the better if you make her understand that in having a cake with no icing she is adding her mite to the food supply of the little French and Belgian children. Picnicker: No. you cannot take sandwiches to your picnic. It is against the law to serve them in the middle of the day in public eating houses and exactly the same applies , to picnics, teas and all other enter- ] tainments. j Farm Girl : All I can say in answer , to your question is â€" -eat more fish! Don't get cheap fish and fish that is cheap mixed up in your mind. There is a considerable difference. Too many women associate "cheap fish" with .something unpleasant. .As a mat- ter of fact, through the efforts of the Canada Food Board, fish of the most excellent ciuality is now being sold all over the country at extremely low rates. In Toronto demonstrations of the best means of cooking fish are being put on all over the city. This example might well he followed in other parts. More and more will the people of Canada be calleti upon to eat fish. In the year 1883 a London publication contained the following:, "This country has got to be largely a lish-eating country for many years to ] come and the fishing industry Is go- â-  ing to be the great stand-by of the na- ; tion." If this was true of Britain 35 years ago, how mu( h truer it is of ; Canada to-day! Canada is a long way' behind European counti'ies wher« her animal herds are concerned. As a hog producing country she raises three hogs in comparison with Germany's fourteen. As a cattle producing coun- try she raises six head of cattli os against Germany's sixteen and as a sheep-raising country she produces two sheep only as compared with Great Britain's fifty-two ai'd .Austra- lia's fifty-eight. But when it comes 'â- o li.sh no country in the world has a bitter supply. It takes time to make peoplij realize this, however. Well-Wisher: Couldn't you get the local women's organizations stirred up to inaugurate a community canning centre in your district? It is as- tonishing what can be done when wo- men get together and make a dead set at some object. Working under the Department of Agriculture in the United States are no fewer than 1,150 trained wtmien who are in the homes of the farmers, teaching them better ways of living and showing them new methods of conservation. Last year these women taught 1,900,000 women and girls how to can and dry vege- tables and fruits. Something of a similar nature might be started in Canada through the agency of the Women's Institutes or some similar organization. .Already this body has volunteered to help any community desiring to start a canning c-entre. as far as Ontario is concerned. The article that appeared on thi.* page last week, entitled "Canning With a Conscience," will show you what can be done to preserve garden products. Of course it merely in- dicates various phases of the canning situation. Full and authoritative in- formation may be obtained by writing to the Canada Food Board direct for copies (5 cents each) of the new il- lustrated booklet dealing with can- ning and drying vegetables; or to Mr. Geo. Putman, Superintendent of Wo- men's Institutes for information about community canning. No time to be lost! Mesblft, Thomstto & Compaol Investment Bankers, Limited jlilercantile Trust BIdg. Hamilton 222 St. James Street Montreal ^/fm FARIV1ERS! Big Prizes THE TORONTO FAT STOCK SHOW will this year offer large pre- mium.s for clas.«cs of 3 .steers; must be fed ninety days by owner. Premium List readv August 1st. For further particulars write the Secretary, c/o Union Stock Yards, Toronto. horning is getting the animal secure ly tied. For this purpo.se a strong chute or cattle stocks should be used. It is best not to dehorn cows heavy in calf. ! me he did when he bought cows as they may injure themselves in the' chute. When the animal is securely tied the horns can be taken off by means of a special horn clipper, or sawed off with a sharp saw. In orSer to get a well-shaped poll and to insure against the horn growing again, one should so cut the horn that it will have a ring of hair when it is re- moved. Should the animal bleed too freely. Brother Billy shows no liking this can generally be successfully , ^o'' '^*'«" ''"^ J"^'* °' "*"'^"'^ = stopped by using pine tar and cotton. , , . ... It is best to dehorn in the early spring ^^"""^ '''^ ^^^ ^^""^ ''â„¢ «'"^hing or late fall, thus avoiding the danger '^'^^^ ^^ ^^^'^ " ''"^ ^'"^ ♦i=^hing. that flies may cause to open wounds. A more simple and humane method R'>'-<-''y '^o YO" see him straying sometimes have teeth that are well , er than take chances on the cheap one. worn off or broken. But with all ! I have succeeded many times in get-i these ways to tell, one must do a lot of , ting nice animals by trading this way. ! sizing up" also, one old farmer told 1 would rather pay more and be sure' I do than take chances and perphas lose. '. S/oms Wtee Brother Billy. is to kill the horns on the young calf by means of caustic potash or caustic soda. This wiif also give the cattle a better shaped head. In using this method the calves must be treated before they are two weeks old, or at least while the little button-like growths are still very small and soft. .And his gaxden- Truly it is quite -see it yonder? â€" a wander! Farmers who ship their wool direct to us get better prices than farmers who tell to the geae^ store. ASK ANY FARMER! who has sold his wool both ways, and note what ha says -• or, better still, write us for our prices ; they will show you how much you lo.<ie by selling to the General Store. W« pay the highest prlcM of nnv firm imiiecoimttynndaretheliMKcstwool dfnlers m Cn'mdn. puviruiit Is rc- lultied Uie Jaine day wo«l is received. Slilp uo your wool t>davâ€" you will be more tlwu plciMtd if you do, and are asm; od of a square dtul from us. % H. V. ANDREWS 13 CHU.'^CH ST, TORONTO Where the other bays are playing. On the ball ground you will lind thein, But he does not seem to mind them. When the others talk of tramping Into woods remote for camping, Billy says, "I'd like to do .t. But I've work, and must get through it!" Uo you think him odd and silly? Then you wrong your brother Billy. Chickens of a size should flock to- " \ gether, else the larger and stronger n is not that he despises thrive at the expense of the v.'eak. It Sports and games and exercises; is because the ''survival of the fittest" | is a law which operates among chick- m^ condition's not alarming-- ens that along in the summer, when it is simply that he's farming; young stoci; has been a considerable , period on free range, the poultry-keep- er should cull out the small, inferior, unthrifty biro's. There are always such in a flock of any size. He should give thevn a coop and run by And it's giving him a gay time, themselves and feed them fairly. I It is not likely that any of these, n^^ ^ single weed is showing either pullets or cockerels, will be Where the corn and beans are grow suitable to keep foe- laying or breed- \x•^v• ing purposes, but they will unless diseased, grow under the treatment Xot an insect, crawling, leaping, suggested and can be Marketed pro- where the li'.tle vines are creeping; litably fi.ir ment. | . Culling should be a persistent, con- tinuoua process the first year. Under- sized, mi.sshapen, and crippled chick- ens should be groomed for market as soon as their ineligibility for the per- manent flock is tj^oted. Crippled hens make poor layers because they do not get enough to eat in compat#ion with j, „,. the reat of the flock. Undersized hen.^ ui-.ually i:'.y small eggs and few ^vVv sunny day he's workingâ€" of themâ€" ihoy have not C'lpacity to Never has a thought of shirki^ig; convert feed in Uirpe enough quanti- ' \ tic's. Mi;.shapi;n birds can usually be Here and there you'll see him going. He began it in the Maytime, Every bed \s> kept in order. T: immcd and graded at the border. When the day is dark and rainy, B lly never geu^ complainy. 'It is just the thing I needed the onion bed I seeded!"' GOOD ROADS SAVED FRANCE. State of Highways of Importance Both in War and I'eace. Good roads have twice saved France in the present war. Had it not been for the radiating road system main- tained by the French Government, the Germans would have won the battle of the Marno and reached Paris. The Germans had calculated on only three divisions being sent out from Paris to stop the invasion. Instead, the ex- cellent system of highways made it possible for live divisions to be sent to this front. .-\gain, shortly after the battle of Verdun started, the French railroad which was to furni.sh many of the sup- plies to the troops was destroyed. The French Government, however, had a macadam road 32 feet wide on which four lines of traffic, two in either direction, were maintained. Day and night 14,000 motor trucks carried men and eiiuipmont. The traffic never stopped. When a hole was made in the roa<l a man with a shovelful of rock slipped in between the lines of trucks and threw the rock into the hole, then jumped aside to let the trucks roll the rock down. Then another man would follow his example, and so on until the hole was filled. Trucks that broke down wore shoved aside, and repair- ed almost instantly. Had the French [ depended on their railroad or on poor I highways the Germans would have I won the battle. 1 There are few places in which good roads will win great military victories. But there are many places in which I they wiil win great victories in time : of peace Whenever a crisis â€" niili- ; tary, economic, or social â€" occurs in j the life of a community, the condition of the roads is a significant factor in : determining whether the community ] will go up or down, fofward or back- ward. The community with good ; roads is the community that will de- I liver the goods when the necessity comes . i TORONTO FAT STOCK SHOW. I I The Toronio Pat Stock Show, who I are running an advertisement In this Issue, have been steadily adding to safely suspected of deficiencies in the Weeding, watching, thinning, hoeing, their premium list, and this year are I olTerIng a prize for tho best carload ; of cattle In the show. .\ few months ' I moro fcodlng might land this for one I of our fi'Cdors. Tho civRh premium, 1 and tho big price always obtained in auction khIo of prize winners would more than recompense him for the ' additional time and feed required. I I)roductivc functions. tulls of these ,,., . ,,, jk„ t,. '.,,,, 1 1 iu 1 I Whistling sometnmes Tipperary, .-ioi-ts shou (1 bo penned bv themselves „ ._• i.» /-,-.. vT , . J. ' , ,â-  Sometimes Mary, Quite Conlrnry; in pri^paration for manci't. , ^ ^^j^^l j^j^ ^^.„^ jj|.g i„-igi,t and snappy, .\ one to two-year old sod. when For his heat.t is very happy. liUnighed und<>r, will enrich the soil as much as woiilil manure applipil at the Wise he is. I hold,â€" not silly,â€" rate of 10 to 12 Loi>s per acxo. 'Patriotic Brother Uillyl lNTERNATION.\L LESSt)N AUGUST 4. I Lesson V. Christian Growth â€" Luke 2. j 42-52; 2 Peter 1. .")-8. Golden Text, Prov. 4. 18. Luke 2. 42-52 Verse 42. When he was twelve years old â€" We have no knowledge of the life of Jesus from his infancy to this period. .At the age of twelve the Jewish boy was called "a son of the law" and began his instruction in tho law as to worship, fasting, and the like. It was therefore cpiite in place that he now should go up with his parents to the great feast of the Pa.ssover, which was one of the three important festivals enjoined by the law of Moses (Pentecost and Taberna- cles being the other two). It was the educational effect of the.se festivals which was so important to the grow- ing boy, for in them were crystallized much of the real essence of the Jewish faith. .After the custom of the feast â€" Meaning tha.t they folloNved the custom of the annual atteixlance upon this feast. 43. When they had fulfilled the days â€" Seven days, according to Exod. 12. 15: "Seven days shall yet eat un- leavened bread." The boy Jesus tar- ried behinii in Jerusalem; and his par- ents knew it not â€" Here Ls a picture of the usual mode of traveling to the feast in caravans, neighbors^ and friends moving freely back ami forth, and the chililrcn probably getting to- gether in groups, among their rela- tives, as they traveled. Thus, as Luke tells us, the parents supposed their boy was somewhere in the caravan and did not worry about him. 45. Returned to Jerusalem, seeking for him â€" A lost child was a serious affair, especially at this time, when great crowds thronged the city. It was an anxious and .sorrowful time for the parent.s. who doubtless pictur- ed the disasters which might have be- fallen him. 46. .\fter three daysâ€" According to the Jewiiih mmle uf speaking this pro- bably means on the third day. Sit- ting in the midst of the teachers â€" We may conceive of him at the feet of a teaching rabbi, sitting in their cir- cle. But to conceive of him as on an equality with the teachers is not in accordance with the text, since the report would not have limited the ac- tion of the child to tho "hearing and asking." The nuestioning hero is of the pure and holy desire for know- ledge, not that of a guest joining in tho converfation. 47. Amazed at his understanding and his an.swers â€" They were the re- sponses of an unusual "son of the law." as indienting unusual discrim- ' illation and spiritual perception for aj twelve-year-old hoy. 48. Wore astonished . . . Son, why hast thou thus dealt with us? â€" A natural rebuke that ho had not told them of his wish to remain behind and also a picture of the absorbing interest the boy had in the discussions over the law. 49. Knew ye not that I must be in my Father's house â€" Literally, "in the things of my Father?" "Why did you have trouble in finding mo, w"ien here would be the natural place to look for me â€" where my Father's af- fairs were concerned?" 50. They understooti not the say- ingâ€"Thus his first appearance at the feast was a marvelous revelation to them of something extraordinary in him. 51. He went down with them, and came to Nazareth . . was subject to them â€" Here, after all. was the nor- mal boy, not puffed up with conceit but considerate and obedient. On the so-called house at Naxareth to- day is read the Latin phrase "sub- jiciebat parentibus" â€" "H<' was subject unto his parents." His mother kept all these sayings in her heart â€" Hertj, evidently, was in Jesus a conscious- ness of divine sonship, the expression of which his parents did not under- stand. 2 Peter 1. 5-8 Verses 5-8. -Adding on your part all diligence, in your laith supply vir- tueâ€"Faith as an attitude of the soul is to have certain elements of positive strength in the progressive develop- ment of the Chrii^tian character. Vir- tue â€" The word means literally any eminent endowment or quality. In one version it is used of God to de- note his excellences (1 Peter 2. 9) and in the S;>ptuagint is used also to set forth tho sple; lor and glory of God (llab. 3. 3). .Applied to men it moans moral excellence, such as purity, mod- esty. The term "virtues" is thus used by the old philosophers to de- note the distingiiiishing excellences of a man. Peter says in effect. Let your faith be as.=ociated with no!>le qual- ities of miml and heart. Ifiiowlcdge â€" This signifies in general intuJJigenco and understanding but bore refers to moral wisdom which is seen in right living. Patience â€" The characteristifl of a man who is unsworved from his deliberate purpose and his loyalty to faith and piety even by the greatest sufferings. Godliness â€" .\ reverent attitude toward God and a life con- formed to divine ideals. Brotherly kindnessâ€" The love which Christians cherish for one another as brethren; the social bond which connects us as children of the heavenly Father and members of the family of God. Love â€" Inadenuately translated "charity" in the .Authorised Version. While we are to have a special regard for the "brethren." the characteristic of love is to mark our relations with all mankind; an attitude of good will anil benevolence and kind con."'iilera- tion for men generally. If these things arc yours and abound â€" An idle or unfruitful life is impossible if these great qujilities mark your Christian character, for they inevitably indi- cate the spirit of Christ and a grow- ing knowledge of him. When a black dress becomes stained and spotted try sjonging it with some strong cold tea. This should cause the blemishes to entirely disappear.