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EARLY ENGLISH RAILWAYS, ETUI Grade* aad Light Oarrea of Fint Important Ruad- the eavy ri. aael Eaikaakax nU. Tws TBB ri. Kswtve Vls*l-ru. sa4 *l\ir Ikree Thlrl>--er Hllr Irllkr .d Maarhe4er _ud r_M frmm the I ir ,u The recent trip of the little " John Roll" ingine and it* pf imitive train to Chicago hai giien many young Americans an idea of what railroading was in this country in it* early day.. In England, in France, and inthe to United State* the railway era began at practically the same time, th: country being at the outset decidedly in the van of the procession with its great distance* to be covered aad the comparative scarcity ot money. In all the** countries the need of regular and rapid communication was felt, and the development of the locomotive engine made it poe>ible in them all at sub- .tantially the aaoe time. The Manchester and Liverpool Railway was the Drit steam railroad in England real- ly worthy of the name. It was opened in 1830, and, considering the experiment*' itage of the business at that time, it mu.i be counted one of tae railroad wonders ol the world. There had long been various short tramways ia England, principally in ths coal regions, operated with hones stationary engines, and at least two roads operated with locomotive, were already in existence -the Stockton and Darlington, opened in lvj.*>, and the Mouklands, m Scot- land, opened in 18*28 ; but they wert both on a small vale, both were experimental, and neither depended entirely upon locomo- tives for power. Indeed, when the Man cheater and Liverpool read was begun it was intended that the car**honld be drawn either by h*rse. or with cables operated by itationaiy engines ; the use of locomotive* wa* an fte. t l iought. In 1*>J a company wa* formed to pro- vide the best possible communication be- tween Liverpool and Manchester one th* rations," one of them said, " were made on Male of great magnificence to reader thi. a.Mmsniy ef a* ordinary aia-, and some ifthamost dislinguuhed character* were nvitsd and at ten led. The Northumbrian, a *team engine of fourteen bone power, look the lead, having in .t train three ear lages. Th* performance of the engines raa extremely satisfactory until they reach- ed Parkfield, seventeen miles from Liver pool, when they were (tupped to renew the feeders and to take in a fresh tnpply of fuel Here several of toe company alighted from the different c rriage., and on starting fatal act' lent happened to Mr. Hu*ki>- *m, which after a ,'tw hours of extreme *gouy terminated his life " On the following day the Northumbrian left Liverpool with 1 Vi passengers, and ar- rived at Manchetter in one hour and rifty minutes. In the evening it returned with twenty-one passengers and lhre ton* of baggage in one hour and forty eight minutes. On the 17th of September six carriages began tunning regularly between the two cities, the time averaging about two hours. Two months later an engine with no car. attached ran over the line in one hour, with a stop of two minutes mid- way to oil the machinery. This tremendous feat l.-d an English newspaper to say. "If only ten year, back it bad been sa:>l that persons could pans without inconvenience and without danger over a distance ef thirty -one miles ia on* hoar, the tale would have been treated |w one of those vision- ary itories which in former days were the amusements of the nursery. ' In Hie lust tea weeks of iu existence this road carried 70,000 passenger*, but it not until December of the cam* year that the fint freight trams were .tarted. On the 4th of December, ISSH, the Planet locomotive took the first load of freight trom Liverpool to Manchester. Eighteen cars or "waggons," were attached, carrying 200 barrels of floor, 3t sack, of malt, 6VI Dag* ol oatmeal, aad 135 bag* and bales ef cotton, the can and their freight weighing eighty too*. On thu trip the average speed attained on a level was twelve to fourteen miles au hour, and tb journey HOW MONA.BCHS TRAVEL Great Preparation for Their Safety tad Oom art- of the time, heretofore gnat seaport of England, ths other the j " "^ ' "> - B <> "d 54 minutes, m great manufacturing "x>wn. Although the ' cludiag three stop, of five , population of Liverpool was then only i " This, say. a newspaper about l-'o.OOO the port was receiving every i " WM V 1 * 1 *" year neuly .MW.OOObag* of American cotton , accomplished by any locomotive power. 'n ^__j2i. _U_T_.T____I _ __MJ t ' But thi. great feat was soon *o be outdoae. ; By th* 'J5th of the following Febmary a "ul engine, called the th- field, and a train of raggona," weighing lt>4i Bea-Ufal allwafr ar rlaces-The >i*ra..ea \ew Trala ( ia- l<ia> Cerassa Eass>rr*r KxiraerJIa ary P-TIIB Takea bj Mw Csar- w*X_rr i r. -<! Urad.fcn l.u:x History and tradition tell us of th* .late- ly pageant* and ceretnon.es which charac- terise.! the transit of reigning sovereign, in th* old*n time*, and even of the pomp with which their AmbassaHon went on their mission*. W* have heard of th* long retinues, the sumptuous equipage*, th* the inl-rminal train of mules, and luggage carts laden with specie* of travelling paraphernalia. The outlay necessitated by the vi*it oi one monarch to another wa* enorinoui, and only rivalled by the cost of his reception at the friendly court. But these occasion, were few aad far between, and it is very doubtful if the lees ustentatious, but frequent journev. of the kings aad qo< of the present day do not ram up in the end with a nearly ei|Ual figure The Emperor of <>ermany is peipetually on the move; the Emperor of Austria passe* eontiaoally to and fro between Vienna aad Budap**. while his consort travsi* all over the Continent IN vCt9T or KALTK aad oblivion ; the Czar visits th* distant province* of hi* empire, and regularly goes to Denmark : th* Queen of Sweden resort* to foreign watering places ; the King ol Italy shows himself in all the former capi tal* of his united dominions : the (^neen Re gent of Spam lakes her delicate U' tie sea t* S n Sebastian, and th* l^ueen ef England never tames long at Balmoral, Osborne, or W md*or, and ha* of late year* mad* it an annual practice to cross over so the Contin- ent. With much greater irs.dem of tion sovereigns are yet bound to certain formalities in their journeys. In principle, they travel only by special trains, and havs their own imperial or royal *?"*> thirty - '~" Liverpool to Man- ehe*l*r in 2 boun and 34 minute*, th* en toe Triple Allmacaha* MM anatical "tsmiss t* Italy. The C_kr, however, journeys necessitate II. of prudence. used to be E iJMfarat* aad whose 10.1 fr'.ngent sr tl.isnasr posted at ihort dis- the line from St. Petersburg to Moscow sad from Moscow to the Crimea. The imperial train was divided into two lections, following each other at a few min- ute*' interval.and it wa* never known with any certainty into which portion the IB perial party had taken their eat*. Is was to this precaution that THE OUR OWKD HIS ISTAPt in the cruel catastrophe which blew np the rirst started train near Moscow when be was in the second. Since the outrage of Borki fresh erders of precaution have been given. Where formerly a soldier stood every hundred yards now there is one at every Arty along the endless line of rail* tae immense coatiaeat of Russia. stiuj, the movement* el a hole army corp* ; taw saute* wnrki with admirable precision and celerity. The imperial carnages arr ' iron clad. " and bell* 1 1 i...- r TIE trrr. AM i / r _<*: r. O. T. Baron, an eathnmaetic *c**n_*t of thu city, reoosAly returned from with a rnlisrlisn of beastiful birds, and qujssr tuayhies ef lh< nauvea. It m pnmun ef *ci_Blrac specimen*. that for years among the J ivaros, an int.rssling tnbs oi savage, aloag tae tuaks of the upper Amasoa. "Whita men aw*ar venture into tlte wilderness," said he, " except tn coliao ! rare orchid* or baUerflies or bird*. Tuere is nothing else there wor"-. oarrymg away, aad laechmat,- is zeeA.jfily hot. As tar th psepie themselves -*eli, even la* lo- dian* of tae west aad apprr Andes shudder at the name of a Jivaro. Where I travelled ausaag tauei is alsBost ac for fraia Uu fic coast as Nevada from S*a avros* the mountains. That is the oouniry where the Amazon has its source in the Cordilleras. You will generally nn<i the Jivaro* along tae r.ver*. There) are no road, nor trails. Nature 11 so vw with in, si every with luxuriant ia that hot sad moist region that trail, would be covered with a vegetation in a few man t ha 80 the native* do the next but thing to following path* they take to _M riven. With all their savagery it is as- tonishing how .plendidly they make canoes with an old axe earned over the Andea from same distant trading pos_ They don't uadentaad metal*. But with the coca beaa as an article W mercoaadiee they go bua- uttiag and excellent cuisine and a per fee* system ef he*.ti g and ventilation. Nevertheless the imperial party never eatets one of tnese trains witiiout the (ecret apprehension that their live* are in jeopardy and at the mercy of th* murderous sectarian. In the French republic th* President like trsvel* by ipecial trains boarded by the , dr*ds *f miles aad ntura with mitsf spear Chief Engineer. M. Carnot u not at all , heads, hatchets aad knives, averse to ceremonial state, bat N. Grevy . "They oaltivate plantain, **Tt*. mad* no other claims on ths compaaiM '. root, sad hv* oa them with the gas than tb* a**nrance that they would convey get. Their staple in game i* a sped** of him free. : wild hog that lives in the dark**t aad Napoleon IU. had saloon car. of extreme ' tckt place* of th* fnr**t. Banting thie ad exquisite taste. His train was u P for th* Jtvaroa, M*, wi-n. by a nsgle engine and the sta- 1 * e*"ldr> - P-" m the boat. When ftisl by ouiy a few police :-* sighted -toy give -has* and noth- mm aad a amaUconti_g*ai of soldiery. I >M "r* ** nunun program. Thay Nominally all tirough Europe the rail- crowd **f<>**> jungle*, sqairm thun^ way compaaM* are .upposed to make no nru*hwoo_. all the time keeping pace with charges for the transit ol royal train*, and ' th Ir ** V*f fa*t as a white to undertake at their awn cost ihe sxtra e i peases which it entail* : but a* a fact all of which had to be hauled or floated to ' h Manchester mill, for manufacture. The freight traffic between the two cities was * " d ful . about 1,000 ton* daily, and communica- tion was so slow that tbs mills were often delayed, to the gnat loss of both proprie- tor* and operatives. There was no doubt from the beginning that a railroad bet wean " con.ummg 1,378 pound* of eok* in th* , .!,. . . her f aO rite no the two point* would be profitable, and the ' lr 'P I the many family photograph* she loves te company bad no difficulty in selling its This sarliest of all the great English ^^ ti)oal ^ _, awp-e<l , difcraat .k._T TU- dwtance was only thirty-one ' nsilroad* was a marvel in coastraction: but > compartments { K., carriag** ia th* ex ihe practical nulraeJ man will ask, "did it ' pay ?" It did, from its first day. In the Mssnii half of 1H.T2. when it was two yean car nags* built and kept "up with exceeding they an gainers by the royal journeys, as can aad always ready for us* at th* short- 1 u>*y receive important gratification, rich est nonce. The railway carriages nssd by , presents. >nd not unfrequentlv distinction the (Jueen of Great Britain in tot, land and , in the shape uf orders or advancement. SooUand an marvels of perfect construe- j Setting apart the actual cost of bniiding tion sad arrangement. They are fitted ; u< j keeping in repair these magnificent with electric light, upholstered. furaisheH ' trains the suns disbursed, even en a com and decorated in perfect harmony aad ; paratively short journey, appear fabulou* taste. She can write, read, work, convene. , aad disproportionate, bat even tnoee who, take her meals, aad slesp almost as easily | to Oattsr the masses, cavil at the wast* of aad coxfortably a* m any of her royal money, wcnld be the fint to accuse the On all other a: work in the houses hare*. The mile*, and the company began with a capi tal of !.0no,0i>0, in shares of 5 XI each. Bat with what was thought abundant capital, there were .till many'dimculties to old, .t carried 8b, MS toes of goods aad 3!V be encountered. The landed proprietor. ' " o' 60 - 1 - be " d * " ^ P*""'" objected to having this newfangled iron -* d thu Ur * numb" roid run over their estate*, and they mads such a strong fight in Parliament that th* charter was not granted until |v_ti. In June of that year work wa* begun under the diiectino ef Ueorg* Stephenson. Stephens** wss perfecting his locomotive engines, and h gave :he uiea of a real engine*, aad he gave .u i.i_ > i<-_i , .team railway between the two cities. The company', capital was then increased to ' P u $5,ooo,ooa It was determined that grade* and curves wonld be too dangerous for the tremendous | speed attained by steam wagons, sometime* almost fifteen mile, an hour, and that the road must, a* f ar ss practicable, be .traight and level The carrying out of this id*a made the nsw road such a work a* a young company IB thi. country. ev*n at thu time, would hardly undertake. The nature uf th* > country made it a very difficult task. Tun passengers wa. 74,'IX) less than it carried in the first half of that year. The total receipts for the half year were C'*\9i | '. > : *xp*o*e* (including interest aad all other charges). 1'4J>, .'!>, leaving a net profit ot t".t-'.b'j:i for the six months. In its first two yean and a quarter the road made a net protit of 1I40..V*'. It wa* this line that turned the tide of >imon in England in favor of raiU roads. Within four or five yean tha foundation* of nearly all th* great railway* of England were laid. Aad a great many foundation* were laid that wen never built upon. By IMri Parliament had psassd 'J7- seta, authorizing the construction of nearly 0,000 m lei of mlroad*. Muet of the** roads, of course, wsn not built. act place* she is aocaatesned to ess them at home. The train alway* slacks *pd as soon a* she retires to rest, and it is wall known that she never mams to feel fatigue or discomfort from a long night journey. All her heavy luggage, the horses, th* ap- purtenancee of bar nedroom, are *M several days ahead, so that her apartments an quite ready to receive her en her ar- rival. She own* private carriages in France, left charge of the Compagaie ds 1'Oucst and 1 despatched to Cherbourg to meet h*r when he leave, the royal yacht : I nee* convey could j th* women and plantations Mr. Baron has a full dress of a Jiv warrior, given him by s young doctor doom- ed to death by bis people for allowing thraa patient* t* die. The Jivaro* run v*ry ex- clusively to earring* in their costumes! TV* eurinsjs ar* Mepeaded from a bit of can* passe.! Ui rough th* ear. They consul of (oar long p. -.dants of ssillm' wing* of glis- tening green, gold, aad purple, strung so a* to form a pretty tassel. The brilliant be attempted to I *-* *- O fsathers of th. napiend- rec.iviMorvi.it- "-tteoanan imed for f ring*. Theamage- meat of color shows remarkably good IBM*. "The wnmsn are not so ssaUral ' "* ' vided with eamngs, ' say* Mr. w (BaH-aMU ir_i IBM l\lt. "Their sol* oraasssnt ma stick p.e*d through the lower lip. rk lark ef aBliatlea sad Uke r*e- "One ef th* mont intenwtinf things I saw them at was killing moakey*. You see it takes 9.UIIO monkey teeth t* make s aeck- liks snakes in in* grass, sad at sight of a moakey through th* foliage they blow a tiny poieoned arrow through a pip* at him. Poer Mr. M-wkey is hit every tune. He i* dsad in three minutes. If the air be calm it i* dangerous M he within s hundred yards of a Jiv sovereign of m.sss is. if curtail the expense, when receiving or visit- ing a brother potentate. A plain story of the ooodiuons that ore- : on vail in India for the spread of the cholera -M Ik i fries. her to Biarriti. (>ra***. Hyens, or Italy, as the case may be without change. The royal trains ar* built so as to tnvel on every European line of rail, with theexcvp- ti"n of tb* Russian and Spanish ones, where FOB MILITARY BJU*O*M the fknge is a trill* broader than else where. lach portion of ths hn* assume* t responsibility of th* royal train as long i wsspa*. for be can blow a ponansj and kill a had to be drained and levelled in the -en tre and embanked at each end. The soft mud h*r* was from 10 to 35 foot deep. In ihe thirty on* miles, sixty-three bridge* were receeaary, and twenty-two of the** were built of brick, eleven of brick and itone, eleven of wood and two of wood and tone. Two great tunnels were cut, and th* substantial character of the work upon (he** i* shown in illustration*. Both ere lighted throughout with gas. The whole construction of thi* road i* > tough to make a modern railroad man ' sen his oyes. Besides its *isty-thr*e ' riilge., two loni! tunnels cut through rook, , jsnr miles of swamp tilled, and excavating v mounding over almost the entire line, Crossing at grade bail everywhere to b* avoided. The tunnel by which the rnrvd entered Liverpool was a mile and a half long. Midway between I iverpool and Manchester the valley of the Ssnkey was croeeed by a gnat viaduct supported on nine arches, each arch oi M feet span, an.l from 90 to 70 lest high. Th* roadbed was hardly inferior to the best in present use. \\ rought iron rails were used, each l."> frvi long and weighing .'!"> pounds to the yard. S. me of the deepen were of wood, some of stons. The (tone ones con- tained four cubic feet each, and wre used over eighteen ir.ile* of the line. The wood- en lie* were oi oak or larch, wxl wen need principally on the embankments. Th* roadbed ileelf consisted of a layer of broken cock and sand two feet thick, one foot be- ing below the ties, the other fwt between them. The ties were laid at intervals of thne feet, in each tie two ho!** six inch** Irvp and an inch in diameter being boreil, xt uh ak plug, driven into the holes. The rails weie supported every three feet on cast-iron chain, aa-1 ths chain tpiked to the plugs. With the exception of two in- clined plane* at Rainhill, where the grade good authorities think that the Transvaal region alone will lead either America or Australia in 199.1. aad it is relieved that not lees than a billion dollar.' worth of gold will be obtained from the fields already discovered. The wonderfully rich but limited area of which these estimate, take account do** not hy any means, however, include all of tb* fold-producing territory ia South-eastern Africa. The latest report, from the prospectors at work in Mashona- land, a region fully 6TO mile, northeast of the Wnwatenran.lt field in the Tran*vaal Republic, agrew in regard to the extraordin- ary extent and productiveness of the gold deposit, known for some yean to ex- i.t in that part of Africa. Uriti.h com- panies are preparing to undertake the de- velopment uf the Mashonaiand field, on a large .eale, and a* th* region is not vsry remote from the tea, and i* inhabited by native, not at all dangeroo* or difficult to deal with, ihe now famou. Transvaal mines are likely to have a formidable rival within a abort time. Altogether the prospect i* .. that South Africa will yield not lee* than camp bed, but as oiten a* not he *pnd th* ] $.V),U)O.OUO in gold in 1*!>4, agaiu.t perhap* ' Bight sitting up dressed in a comer of the ' ',<)0ll in America and as much in ] carriage. Australia. Thi* will mean an increase of j William IL has had a tram recently con I as it travels on it* radius, f he < iovernmeat, officially informed of the intended journey of the sovereign, even if he travel, incog- nito, notifies he respective companies of | L - omn10n: y f p^pj. ,_, u, , n . rlT r for th* line of route. The companies ia their ^^ A , tb . ntfr fr )Mtlt iy net on turn give instruction* to their start, of the th< .^f,,^ , "tub" la dug in the nv*r hour* of arrival an.l departure of th* train, j ^^ M(i ^ wml-r allo-raj u> collect. At aad they agree with each other ss to the tn WD> o, % , loc ,!], ;i the function* of bset manner of oon. o-danc*. When this is bathing'aie performed. Fint the jar is satisfactorily settled s plan is dnwn up ; filled ^j lb , nlfr .,_- 4^.^ orer _, , with th* mint**t psrticu ar* of time and | noo ^^ UIC klee back te 11* source. In sent to the Oov*mroenl. which forwards a I [ b , j^, o{ CT>|UiB !,.,. t hu*ia.t*. copy to th. Minister or Ambawador whose waur ^ orw tk . ^y fifty soverei|rn i* about to pass over the territory-. ' - V\ hen th* moment arrive* th* :bi*f eni- neer of the company, and frequently the di- rector, is at the station to receive it : the engineer of the line enter* a carriage, and the fint mechanician of the read board* th* engine. The whole extent of th* hue has been previously cantully examined so a* l* guar.t against delay, and accidents. Queen Victoria tnv*l* wrh less stats than any other crowned head, with the ex- ception of th* Emperor ol Austria, who m this, as in all *l*e, ha* a d**p-rooted dislike to pomp aa.l representation. Frt n/ J oseph is only accompanied by hi. miliUrT suit* : told recently by Dr. Pauline Root of the Woman Medical College. Philadelphia, who has lived for sight yean in southern India. Dr Root began by describing the conditions under which **fl* live in south- ern India in order to enow exactly what circumstance* generate Use cholera. Then is absolutely nc ma.lauon thsrt. s* w* hav* u. Drainage, with the exception of a f*ver and kill at that dutanc*. breeder in the way of aa open sewer, is nn- "Poison is also used in catching fieh. Th* known. In the village* people live ia low Jivaro is not bound hy game laws or Fish mud huts, where all the family congregate Comausaionsfs. so he take* large quantities in one room, th* dimensions of which are of poison from the varvaaro plant and likely to be 4 teet by 10 or 12 feet. As throws it into ths nver. Then for folly there an no outbuilding* at all, there i* no twenty mile* further down the stream fish way in which persons caa protect themselves an gathered in canoe* from th* surface sf against tbechoUn if it once appears in such ths water They an only st unified by to* a household. Sometimes if the well runs narcotic. Tb* Jivaro can* nothing for dry stagnant water must be us*.!. A high sport so long as he caa get the food. Ye* cast* personage -ill not allow a low caste to you never meet him without his Ian e poised use Ins well. and ready for his mark. He carries it above hi* shoulder, swaying back aad forth with every step he takes. Even standing he keeps his right arm always ready to strike. The Jivaro is like a nntinel in war time. He is taught when a child that he must be ever on th* alert to defend himsslf. aad so you sss him prodding his lance at year face without any ramp., I was going to shoo* on my fint Nr M me Scely, the .ingle piece of silk or experience of this kind, but my guide* ex- ptainsd aad smiled at my inexperience. I cloth which n worn as a garment, must be laughed, bat I laughed alone. In all my washed. Thi. M t'.ipped into the pool, eipertenc* with the savag** I don't remem- Fmally, th* jar i. refilled and earned horn*, ber having heard one of them laugh. The quality of the water by the time the " They have no religion. They worship nothing, though they believe in dr jr i. refilled t. promising, indeed, when cholera i. in tlie ur. In these nver tub* tb* clothes an washed. The cattle are taken there to drink. Dr Root said that in sending a man to the river to fetch water there was never any certainty that he would not fill hi* jar with the water .Landing in one of the pools, instead of dinging a freah behev* in When well .applied with ehicha, au intoxi- cating liquor, they dream of killing their enemies. Their doctor* an the actors, medicine men. and fakirs of the savag** along ;be upper Antaion. Their *xi.tence i* like the butterfly's, pleasant and sunny at fint. Fre* chicha and conquests in love The* very cleanlmee* of the" people, affairs, an among their perquisite*. When they are extremely clean, tin-is so the anybody is rick th* family gel a greet qn . fullv W per <-ntin the total annual product .tructed on the mot luxurious scale, and if he retire* to net at all. it is on a narrow , rnA o{ chol ,ra. because their method of tity of chicha and call in" the doctor." He ' ' hatMne i. so unintelligent. In south*!- t once r roce*ds to decree** the supply of India there it alway* mon or lee* cholera, liquor. When almost drunk hesicgs. danc- It i. niten prevalent af tor a certain religious es,aad goes through a hi.ieous gamut of in- fsatival of ths marriage of two divini- cantatijes. Then hs looks at bis patient of the world, a* compared with 1891. and really e*m to be the apogee of railway of abciit 'JO psr cect. over last year's coach building. Th* one which took him yield. Snh a gain cannot fail to tell" soon across the St.Uothard to the *tlver wedding tie* which u celebrated by an encampment an.l suck* th* aflected plao* industriously, in th nver bed for four or five day*. " ! H* *rti ts out a sp*d*r. A- :.-r facilities in caring for the sick ia 'How do yon feel '' be asks. ...... .- India, Dr. Root graphically showed how j ' 'Ne better.' upon the relative valu* of fold and other . if the King of Italy is composed of thirty > (^j^niy poo, the** ar* bv describing ber ' " He lucks again, and spit* out gravel or * incognito . Ip rlenc rin the houee ol the V,ce Pnm- ; a thorn. dant of th* municipality of Madoa. a " The same question is repeated, and wealthy man. who arrayed himself respien- each time the doctor brings forth a soor- deotly "when h* came to ask her to vmt his pion. or lixard. or monkey'* tooth, until th* cotnnuxlilie*. including .ilver. and thu* ! carnages. Hs intended to bring about some measure ot the change in | through Switzerland : nevertheless, tbs the purcnaaing power of money which ha* ! authorities .iid their dty IB a minute sur- been so earoeetly sought by opponent* of vev of the line from Basel to Cbissso, and a the gold standard. Stnnger thing* have | whole body of Sww. official* accompanied often happened ihtn the solving of th* cur- ; the train ss long as it remained on the t nncy problem* of th* day by the gold ' miner* of hitherto insignificant regions of South Africa. e grad rade o was I in 96, there was no greater grade on the whole lino than I in 3,S)>; and no curve sxceeded a deviation of 4 in> lie* in -"_' yard*. Thi. rirst of K.nglsnd's great railroads was a. straight and as leval as any road that ha* yet been built: and it* lines would drive a imxlern con.trnctor to despair. On the 15th of Septembe.. 1X90, the rail- way was ready for its fint tram. It had cost Ihcn W, 100,000. Stephenson & Co. bad fee wreral year* been building lecomotive and can for it, and on that day eight n- K uu-. drawing twenty-eight .mall passen- ger coaches, carried about oOOilisting'iishetl gue*t.*ver th* line. The preparations for hi. .vent had created the firel railroad furor that K if land ever experienced, and great effrat. were made to induce th* King of teen* of the royal family to take part in thecelebn tion, but without avail. The new.pnptn of the day gave glowing de_w if tiona af this orvyimg Urin. " Prroa The tail of ths beaver gave the hint for the trowel of th* masor. Director Neneral Davis, of the Colombian Exposition at Chicago, .hows by an *labor- atr ttstistical table that th* *normou *um of |3.t,0<X<.iXH) has so far bsen devoted to the \Voi id's Fair by the exposition com- pany, the I'nited State* Government, th* States and foreign government.. Thi. total is exclusive of the expenditure* of exhibit- ors and of th* heavy investments in tempor- ary hotel,", side .hows, and similar World'. Fair preparations. Altogether the exhibi- tion which was openeil with much pnmp on Vomlay by President Cleveland represent* an outlay probably exceeding *Wo,000,Ol>0, ritory of the republic. In Italy th* or enough to bu.ld a band i-ity of 50,- 000 inhabitants complete in every part, aad well .uppbed with public bnildinga. Surely . *^ , t I* _...^ .._ .1 * th* Columbian Kvpcmition ought to stand out among other inte itiosj oug rnational wen guarded by military detachmennU an inspection train preceded the royal car- riages to clsar the way. A ford* of police and gendarmerie were on duty at *vry station, and a body of German police sient te Rom* t* concert with th* Italian police on the precautionary measures taken during the Emiror' slay. \ >*r before ha* William II. travelled in .uch state, nor has there been such watch fuinsss exercised. The Empress brought with her three maid* of honor, thiee ladies in waiting, her Mislrem of the Kobe*, two Chamberlaiss, and seven body ssrvanU. The Kmperor wa* accompanied bv three high ilign narie* of hi* court, **v*n tiensr\ls two Adti'irals, th* bead of his private Cabin**, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, four Geheimsrathe, his physician, Dr. Lujanus, aad a large itaffot servants. A conM.lerable degree of anxiety wa* felt I. tnm* improve- both in Uertnaay and Italy with regard to GeelogkSts consider k*ros*n* to be am nal o*l. Heae* what w* bum in lamps ia .Vmswhal "a. Columbus liimssli does among ' anxnty not allayed by the recent dynsmit* in* remain, of leug *tia monst.r. of the ! *juare* insKoui* and th* knowledge that earth. exhibition* thi. vi.it and the naf.ty of the visitors, an ife, thiw showing hi* ssiicitade for hi. patient imagine*) there ife's condition. Cndoubtedly he meant m*nt aad lays so. lo do the best he could for thesirk woman. " If the fint pa'ient die* the doctor i* for th* doctor found her in a room adjacent <n*p*cted of being a witch; the etoond time to h*r hu*banJ' a position of honor. The be is declared one, and the third time his woman was badly crippled and only ableto own life is in danger, so much *o that hi* crawl down from her cut. Beyond playing own brother will assul in killing him. This with th* children and poluhing the jewel* very thing cam* under my own observation. and it was frum under ray own oa* of these nothing relieved the monotony of her day Sh* wss entirely uucand for. A hole in that I got this the wall for refuse wa* cleaned only once a Ihe condemned man gave them to m* day. The woman died of blood poisoning, shortly before he wa* killed. And thi* is th* way *. rick person fared in | "Nearly every museum has on* of the one of th* better house* ! Usually s sick Jivaro preserved head*. They an great person i* placed in a room that i* reached curiosities. The warrior, decapitate their from the house by crossing a court and victims in warfare sad keep the passing through an "alley. ly has black. hmy water Th* alley wual ornament* at their girdle*. How ater in it. Th* room , head* ar* preserved is a good deal of a mys- is seven met square. In the court an often i tery. The skull i* removed aad skin and found th* cow. chickens, aad a number of flesh treated with extracts from plants. which contract and tan them. Then the hollow head M filled with hot pebbl** and dried. The pebble* an removed an.l a persons. No wonder that, under inch con- ditions, cholen spreads like wildfin. Bat cholera is always Drought. of lUelf. It never *tart tt range object the sue of a man's in. id re- *But th* dead fac* is horribly nal. Th* largest cave is tb* Mammals Cava el Kentucky.