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INFLUENCES as against 31 in the Upper Town. Thirteen years later, "Hutchison's Brantford and Paris Directory for 1862" listed more than ioo busi- nesses in the Lower Town and around the Junction, and only 40 in the Upper Town. Indeed, in 186o the business section of the Upper Town looked so deserted that John Galliford of Ingersoll, who had passed through while travelling along the Governor's Road, was perturbed. He wrote to Thos. Bosworth, Town Clerk of Paris, to learn whether there was any truth in the statement that "business was at a standstill and no buildings erecting in Paris" because the village had recently been incorporated as a town, with a higher tax rate. Mr. Bosworth, in his reply, denied that the tax rate had any- thing to do with the decline of the Upper Town:.-- The cause of most of the shops that are shut so is that the business has shifted to another part of the Town. The shutting up of the Market was caused by the division of the Town respecting the site, etc." Naturally the business men and property owners of the Upper Town fiercely resisted this trend. They opposed every attempt to move the market, the schools, and the churches to the Lower Town; and they tried to prevent the voting of money for public improve- ment in other parts of Paris. Moreover, in 1853, they formed a Hydraulic Company to build a dam and race on the Grand im- mediately south of the Dundas Street Bridge. In 1857, Hiram Ca- pron described this project: A well-constructed dam has been built and the canal is being pro- ceeded with under contract as rapidly as possible. The total fall here may be estimated at 12 feet, and the power about to be brought into operation will probably exceed that of 300 horse- power, so that shortly an impetus will be given to this portion of the town which will cause it to assume an appearance of greater vitality than has hitherto fallen to its lot. But apparently no factories were ever built along this race. It was soon invaded by weeds and brush, and today lies along the Grand as a monument to a lost cause. It was not equal to the magnetic pull of the new railways. Another determining factor in the development of Paris was the railways. In 1854, the Great Western (Hamilton to Windsor) and the Buffalo-Goderich lines were opened. The junction of two lines in Paris naturally made the town an important railway shipping- centre. During i856, according to the "Anglo-American Magazine" 20,000 barrels of flour and 250,000 bushels of wheat were teamed to the Junction for export. And many other products, such as agri- cultural implements from Ayr, were teamed in. The toll-road to Ayr was built to further this traffic. The passenger traffic, too, was heavy. During the first six months of 1854, more than 13,000 passengers boarded the trains of the Great Western Railway at Paris Station. 89