THURSDAY, MAY 5; 1938 NEWS AND INFORMATION FOR THE BUSY FARMER (Furnished by the Ontario Bright Poultry Outlook Prospects appear bright €or pro- fitable egg and poultry production over the next several months. For this reason farmers and commercial poultrymen would Je well advised to purchase day-old chicks without delay as such chicks are being sold at a reasonable price. : The egg market is reported as un- usually strong at present. In place of 'the usual drop in egg prices im- mediately following Easter, prices this year have risen in the past! week. More inquiries are being re- ceived from Great Britain for ex- port eggs than for several years past. The prospective market for poultry meat is even more encour- aging, present prices being higher than for several years, and poultry stocks in storage being much lower than in 1937. 'Sales of chicks in the United States are reported as being! about 8 per cent lower than-last year, which would point to a short- age of both eggs and poultry meat later in the season in 'the States. This in turn affects market. ' Present prospects for raps both in the Bast and West are the best for several years, land too early to predict with certainty how they will turn out, present con- ditions give some promise that poultry feed will be reasonable in price over the remainder of the year Practically all of ithe larger com- mercial poultry farmers are raising substantial numbers of chicks this year, and from present indications it would appear that poultry could now be profitably raised on many farms. Phy } : Know What to Sow; Good Seed Tmportant In the regulations under the Seeds Act, grades of seed are de- fined as Registered Seed, Certified Seed and General 'Seeds of Com- merce. Seed to qualify for a Re- 'gistered or Certified seed grade must be of an approved variety true to name, and seed under all grades must be well maturad, | plump. sound, sweet, 'well cleaned | and graded to remove small, shrunken, immature or broken ker- Tels and inert matter. It must pos- sess strong vitality and conform to standards of freedom from noxious 'weed seeds and other impurities prescribed for the different grades. It should be emphasized that certain varieties of seeds are 'hest suited for certain farms and condi- 'tions. The varieties most suitable for any farm can only be determin- ed accurately by fkrial tests which each farmer is urged to make. This is the time of the year when a farmer should plan to sow enough registered or certified seeds in a small plot to itest their value on his own farm. To do this take a good piece of land, prepare "it well, and clean the drill carefully before sow- ing. Take good care of this plot and if the crop is superior to the main crop use the seed threshed from it for 'seeding purposes the following spring. This is a prac- tical way of renewing the seed sup- ply at little extra cost. Farm Accounting Modern arming is a business and to be successful should be conduct- | ed in a business-like manner. Farm- ing has developed to the stage where it Is a commercial enterprise in which the character of fthe 'man- agement largely determines income the 'Canadian! while it is! Department of Agriculture) tion and sale of commodities as well farmer of having a record of his as the use of capital and the pur- chase of supplies and labour the same as most other kinds of busi- ness. Present conditions in farming | emphasize the importance to the SHERWIN-WILLIAMS Paints and Varnishes GYP-ROCK IN ALL SIZES. SHINGLES--WOOD and ASPHALT BEATTIE BROS. FULL LINES--Pumps, Washers, Stable Fixtures. ESTIMATES ON ALL WORK CHEERFULY GIVEN. BUILDING MATERIAL-- business transactions as well as a permanent record of other details | of his farm enterprise to which he! can readily refer. The problem of the farmer is to meet 'conditions-in such a way that his farm will give | him tiiz most satisfactory net re- | turns, vear in and year out, for the i use of his investment, his labour and his managerial ability. Maay | farmers realize that some change | or adjustment in their combination | of enterprises or methods of man-| agement might increase their farm | income.They may be unable, how- ever, to determine lwhat changes to make owing to a lack of records on wtich to base any changes in enter-| prises or methods. A farm aceount | book, properly kept and analyzed, | is tthe fact finder for the farmer. An 2ccount book points out the weak spots in the farm business and points out the holes through which the profits have leaked. A Farm Account 'Book may be procured from the King's Printer, Ottawa, at a nominal price. : | Cleaning and Testing Seed ' Grain Every farmer who makes a suc- cess of live stock breeding is care- ful to weed out (weak individuals and breed only from the best ani- mals, but many farmers fail to take similar care with their seed grain. Tt should be quite evident that poorly developed seeds will not pro- duce healthy, wigorous plants and that the practice of grading seed to produce a reasonably uniform sample is well worth the effort. Be- sides maintaining the uniformity and vigour of the grain, careful grading gives an added benefit in the removal of weed seeds. Weed problems today are difficult enough for the farmer to solve without ad- ding to them by sowing =a fresh crop of weeds along with the grain. The successful farmer is careful to control any parasites or diseases that may attack his live stock, and also, with reference to his seed, re- alizes that smut diseases. which take a heavy toll of the grain crop throughout the country, can be readily controlled by seed treatment Most of these smuts, namely, loose and covered smuts of oats, covered smut of barley, and bunt or stink- ing smut of wheat are carried on outside of the seed coat and may be very effectively icontrolled by the use of either formalin or mercury compounds. | Loose smut of barley and loose smut of wheat are more difficult to handle. These 'two diseases are car- ried within the kernel and are not affected by surface treatments such as those mentioned above. The only satisfactory method known for the control of these two diseases is 'the hot water treatment. For the aver- age farmer, this is not a practical method, owing to the fact that fair- ly exact water temperatures must be reacheq and maintained. Such be- ing the case, the farmer who finds his stock of barley and wheat in- fected with loose smut would be well advised to secure smut free seed. If this is done and the new stock carefully handled, little! trouble should be encountered from and profit. It involves the produc- this source for several years. FARM WOODLOT CAN BE MADE VALUABLE To make the woodlot a valuable asset to the farm, considerable at- tention has to be devoted to its up- keep. That reasonable profits can be made from the farm woodlot has been demonstrated on many occa- sions, but systematic management is required to bring this about. It is a generally accepted fact that it 1s necessary to leave a good stand after each cutting, if any future forest crops are expected, ' and the question arises as to the proper number of trees to be left on an acre of land for the largest possible returns. Also there are the ques- tions to be considered: what trees should be left to mature, and does it pay to leave seed trees? Experience has shown that the trees selected for cutting should be chosen with careful consideration as to their potential value as saw- timber or for piles. Trees which give indication of developing into high-quality timber should be left to mature, for timber of this quality may later on net a profit from three to ten times as much as the same timber would [bring as pulpwood. With regard to seed trees, the need must be considered for leaving seed trees properly scattered throughout a stand in order to be sure of get- ting reproduction if the stand is damaged by wind or fire. Such a practice will also increase the an- nual income per acre by providing extra timber. On a stand where the timber averages up to ten inches in dia- meter, it is good practice to leave between 100 to 200 of the best trees per acre, if the most profitable re- turns are to be obftained. Unless such timber is on very poor soil, it is reasonable to expect the stand each year to grow an equivalent of one cord per acre. This means that it will be possible to go back to the same area and cut the equivalent of five cords of pulpwood every five years, at least until the trees reach saw-timber size. Systematic management of the farm woodlot includes removing dead and diseased trees, cutting only mature trees for lumber, and fencing the wooded area to protact TO PREVENT DAMAGE © TO STRAWBERRY PLANTS fact that much greater attention is being paid to the production of strawberries in Canada as a commercial crop, the pamphlet on 'common strawberry insects, just issued by the Dominion Department of Agriculture 'will be found particularly useful at this: time of year in safeguarding the plants. It has been prepared by R. P. Gorham of the Dominion Ento- i mological Laboratory at Fredericton N.B., and gives suggestions on how to prevent injury by these destruc- tive pests. { Strawberry production in Canada in 1937, estimated at 24,300,600 quarts, exceeded all past strawberry crops except that of 1935. The quantity produced in 1937 was about 18 per cent greater than the 1936 crop of 20,600,000 quarts, and 13 per cent greater than the average 21,500,000 quarts . produced during the five-year period of 1931-35. In 1937 also, the export shipments of fresh and processed strawberries represented an increase of nearly 96 per cent over the average for the years 1931-35. The most common enemies of the strawberry plant are white grubs, strawberry weevil, strawberry leaf roller, strawberry root-weevil, strawberry root-worm, leaf chafer, strawberry mites, and slugs. The pamphlet on these insects may be obtained free on application to the Publicity and Extension Division, Dominion Department of Agricul- ture, Ottawa. ' ; In view of the A NEW WALT DISNEY COMIC Every week, in The Detroit Sun- day Times, you will find a new page comic in color, "The Practical Pig" by Walt Disney. The million dollar all-star cast of "The Three Little Pigs" in a fun riot! Follow it every week in the Comic [Section of The Detroit Sunday Times, it from grazing by livestock and from fire. [Cutting all weed trees and lopping brush into short length EUGENE D'AQUST EMBRUN, Telephone 54 Ont. COMMON PROBLEMS ARISING IN THE STORAGE OF McINTOSH APPLES (Experimental Farms Note) At this time of the year MeIntosh apples, picked and stored under ideal conditions, are approaching the end of their storage life. So it is at this time that faulty storage practices are emphasized. Unless conditions have been ideal, Mecln- tosh apples at this season have fre- quently passed their prime as far as quality is concerned. Although the fruit may show no sign of disease or definite injury, it has lost its | delicate aroma and flavour for which the variety is noted and such fruit is seldom attractive to the con- sumer. ' The problem then is to tell when McIntosh apples reach this stage in storage. First it may be pointed out that apples stored at higher temperatures will reach this stage earlier than at lower storage tem- peratures. The only way this point can be determined is to sample the apples from time to time during their storage life. A common error is to test apples while still in stor- age. The apples should be removad: from the store and left at a higher temperature and the actual condi- tion of the fruit as it reaches the consumer may be ascertained. When the flavour of = the apples show symptoms of depreciating it may be assumed that this will be followed directly by mealiness and unattrac- tive palatibility although actual in- jury is not evident. Another common problem in cold storage is that of fruit shrinkage. A certain amount of loss in weight takes place under almost any stor- age condition. Much of this loss is caused by escape of moisture from the fruit tissues causing a decrease in. tissue content and a wshrivelling of the skin. The best method to control this is to maintain a high relative humidity in the storage room. Maturity also plays an important role in fruit shrinkage. If the apples are picked too immature much more shrinkage will take place. If the apples are allowed to mature pro- perly on the tree, less shrinkage and shrivelling will result - in stor- age. ' Another storage difficulty, par- ticularly with MeclIntosh, is a form of tissue breakdown known as core flush. This condition is more pre- valent in apples from orchards re- ceiving high applications of nitro- gen fertilizers. Early picking will aggravate the injury. Another fea- ture with this trouble is that it oc- curs at the lower storage temper- atures in the case of McIntosh. The importance of maturity can readily be seen. Besides influenc- ing core flush and shrinkage, the general. quality and flavour of the fruit is influenced by maturity. If McIntosh apples are permitted to hang on the tree until the ground colour reaches the recommended stage and the starch test shows that this substance is rapidly decreasing, many storage problems can 'be eli- minated. ! WHY FERTILIZERS ARE NECESSARY Fertilizers are materials which furnish in available form one or more of the three so-called essential elemnts of fertility in soil, namely, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and po- tash. When the material supplies all the three elements, it is known as a complete fertilizer. [Experience has shown that plants in their nor- mal growth and development take ten or more elements from the soil. These elements include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sul- Fhur, magnesium, manganese, SO- dium, iron, chloride, silicon and bo- ron. ' : The available supplies of only three of these elements of plant food tend to become deficient for crop requirements under normal conditions. These elements are ni- trogen phosptoric acid (phosphorus) and potash (potassium) and are commonly known as the essential elements of fertility, for the reason that their available stores are Orclern Youn, bY CIILAS dene! No writing. No money orders. No bother. Just call or phone. 100% live delivery guaranteed. and scattering them throughout the woodlot helps to decrease the i amount of run-off and to. increase + soil fertility. M. Rolland La Madelaine R. R. 1, ST. ONGE ONT. 1 ~awis a moderate POULTRY MARKETS PROSPECTS BRIGHT Prospects appear bright for pro- fitable egg and poultry production over the next several months, say officials\ of the Production and Mazx- keting Services, Dominion Depart- ment of Agriculture. For this rea- son farmers and commercial poal- trymen would be well advised to purchase day-old chicks without de- lay as such chicks are being sold at a reasonable price. The egg market is reported as un- usually strong at present. In place of the usual drop in egg prices im- mediately following Easter, prices this year have risen in the past week. More inquiries are being re- ceived from Great Britain for ex- port eggs than for several years past. The prospective market for poultry meat is even more encour- aging, present prices being higher than for several years, and poultry stocks in storage being much lower 'than in 1987. Sales of chicks in the United States are reported as being '2bout 8 per cent lower than last year, which would point to a short- age of both eggs and poultry meat later in the season in the States. This in turn affects the Canadian market. : Present prospects for crops both in the East and West are the best for several years, and while it is too early to predict with certainty how they will turn out, present con- ditions give some promise that poul- try feed will be reasonable in price over the remainder of the year. TRAILER FOLKS PREFER NORTH FOR: SPENDING WINTER SEASON Medical Relief Care In Essex County Concord, Mass.--Nearly 100 years ago Henry David Thoreau, Con- Coury cls : cord's famous poet-naturalist, for- Editor's Note: This is the first | 500k luxury and society to live in of a series of three articles des- | the open on the 'shores of Lake cribing the system of administer- ing medical care to 17,000 relief Walder. He constructed a hut for himself, a Essex County, On- and for two years lived a secluded ih e Sysiem was worked | existence, studying and communing out cooperatively by 100 phy- (ith nature beside the peaceful sicians in Windsor and in Essex | pond. Comforts and conveniences County and has received support from the Rockefeller Foundation to insure its continued operation for further study. BY WESLEY H. MAURER were at a minimum, as he carried out a plan of rigid economy. Today, scarcely aware that they are observing ideals and precepts | laid down by Thoreau in the same : eid locality, nine Boston trailer families Department of Journalism, Univer have forsaken the ¢ity and are mak- sity of Michigan TR ie a : ~ fet gdally on) ; | Ing thelr' home ext A "es Not the least of the disturbing Weta" : 3 Yo-th6 frath social, economic and political prob- lems resulting from the new public policy of taking care of citizens who Like Thoreau, some of them have built their own houses, though on 2 Jol : | wheels. Like him, too{ they can are victims of depressions and re- study nature. But her the cessions is the problem of finding a 13 had is. Of : probl L111 g€ 4! poet naturalist had only his ov system or providing them with ade- © n SR company, they have panionship; and the families, na= | turally enough, have grown into a | small community, intermingling and borrowing and lending as neigh- bors. Moreover, they have social events, such as card parties, with the only restriction that the num- quate medical care that would be plentii) com- acceptable to the medical profes- sion, satisfactory to relief recipients and within appropriations allotted by governmental bodies. The medical profession has here- tofore protected private practice by providing its own services to the| ber present is governed by the size improvident, the indigent, put as| of the trailer used. economic disaster overtook large Trailers Are Adequate blocks of the community's popula- While a trailer as a dwelling tion, this service, it was felt, be-| might seem small to persons used came a burden that many phy- | to country residences or city apart sicians could not assume. On the ments, they are really quite ade= other hand, governmental agencies, quate. In fact, the trailer folk say charged with caring for the heaith| that the reduced quarters makes for of persons on relief, did not appro- priate sufficient funds to provide relief recipients with the services of private physicians. The consequent coziness. Of comforts and conveniences, wf which Thoreau had few, especially when it is remembered that at one time he reduced his living expenses to seven cents a day, none seem to be denied the trailer occupants. They have radios, electric lights and a central heating system which insures plenty of warmth. More than that, they have acres of space around them, with the woods to roam in and the lake to view. experimentation of governmental agencies, which too often resulted in inefficiency and annoying bureaucracy, has not been well received by the medical profession. Even where the medi- cal profession was given a free hand, the systems set up by phy- sicians were, in many instances, far from satisfactory to their col-| Lhe cost: Only $10 a month for leagues. The profession, it was parking space, which includes the soon found, was no better prepared | Use of electricity. to assume control than were the The trailers are parked in a re- gular camp, called Walden Breezes, run by Samuel A. Burleigh, former newspaper man and teacher. In~ teresting to note, Mr. Burleigh was once. superintendent of schools in the district in Maine in which Dr. Payson Smith served before he be- public relief agencies. Of the many experiments con- ducted by the profession, the Essex Coenty system with headquarters at Windsor, Canada, seems to hold prospect for making a contribution to the problem. At least the 100 Practically all of the larger com- mercial poultry farmers are raising | substantial numbers of chicks this| year, and from present indications it would appear that poultry could. now be profitably raised on many, farms. .... Hay and Clover Supplies of hay and clover on' farms in Canada at March 31, 1938: is estimated at 2.740,000 tons, which | reduction from the | 3,356,000 tons on hand on March 31,! 1937. "SHE" BUYING LAND Sir Rider Haggard's legendary chieftainess, "She," who figures In his fantastic novel of the same name is negotiating with the Union of South Africa for 20,000 acres of land in the Lebata district, accord ing to Johannesburg, South Africa, reports. Holder - of one of the strangest dignities in the world, the woman Modiadie. of the Bolo- bedi tribe in Northern Transvaal, inspired the writer monarch -who held he secret cf eternal youth. While not the same person described by him, the pres- ent woman holds the office and.name and it is believed by the natives to be the same immortal one. Not even during the present negotia- tions does "She" abandon the veil of secrecy behind which she dwells. DUCHESS' LIFE TOLD The "secret" life story Duchess of Bedford, who |is to have been killed after she disap- peared on a solo airplane flight last March, is to be told in book. The Duke of Bedford, fourth richest duke in the British kingdom, has- commissioned John Gore, noted bio- orapher, to prepare the work. Only 40 copies will be printed and they will go to near relatives. Now aged 81 with his affection for the "Flying Duchess" as steadfast as ever, the duke regards the publica- tion as 'the one great task before him. Private 'diaries of the du- chess, treasured at Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire, England, will be in- cluded. more quickly depleted by cropping than the others and therefore must be returned (or furnished), if fer- tility is to be maintained or in- creased. Lime (calcium) has also been found to be deficient in many soils, more especially in districts subject to heavy rainfall. In such districts, an application of lime in some form or another may be found essential to productiveness; in fact, lime may be the limiting - factor of growth for those crops which do not thrive in an acid soil. Each of these essential elements of fertility has a separate function to perform in the growth of the plant, and, if one is deficient, crop growth will be restricted by the lack of a supply of that element, al- though the other elements may be present in amounts ample for high- est production. In other words, there may be present in the «oil all the potash and phosphoric acid that the plant can utilize, with but very small amounts of available mitrogen Under these conditions, good crops cannot be grown until the deficiency in nitrogen has been overcome. De- ficiencies in soil fertility may thus be made good by commercial fer- tilizers. In Canada all fertilizer is now sold by analy:is, and is subj=ct to inspection by the Dominion De- partment of Agriculture. to tell of the! | | | operatively and which is now oper- came Massachusetts Commissioner of Education. : According to Mr. Burleigh, a trailer camp was farthest from his thought when he came into [posses- sion of the place four years ago. It was his intention, he said, to fix physicians in Windsor and in Essex County are enthusiastic about the plan which they worked out co- ating in behalf of 17,000 persons on relief. The directors of the system, speaking for the county medical so- ciety, believe they have found a| uP the park for outings, and to that plan which preserves the principle | ed he began construction of a base- of private practice while at the ball field. same time affording incentive to| A WPA worker, however, chang- give adequate medical service at| ed his mi he said, when minimum cost to the government.In | one day ; hand ole half it, the profession seems to have re-| ag0 he drove in with his trailer, of the | state relief administrators in Maine, believad | Illinois, New York, Ohio, and Wa- The worker surveyed the park, re=- marked that it would make a bet- ter trailer camp than outing spot. Mr. Burleigh agreed, and looking back on last summer's business has not been sorry. Down to Lake Walden because of its beauty and attractions as a sum= mer recreational centre, besides the camp's shower, rest room and laundry facilities, more than 30 trailers were usually parked on the lot. In all, 1385 trailers stopped for varying times last summer. Mr. Burleigh is now extending the camp to take care of 200 next summer. alized the application of a principle widely held among medical men asi a first essential in medical relief economics: that the government co- operate with the profession in de- veloping some medical programs. The system, the result of a little more than a year's co-operative ex- perimentation, has already gained wide attention. A part of the sys- tem has already been adopted in To- ronto, and plans are in progress to put the system in operation in se- veral states in this country. Preli- minary work of the Essex County Medical Society won support from the Rockefeller Foundation which! A With the coming of fall and col- saw in it a worthwhile effort to- der weather, most of the trailers ward a possible solution of the me- headed for warmer climes. Not so the hardy nine, however, who have apparently deserted the path of the sun. The WPA worker, incidentally is still at the camp. His trailer is typical of the rest. 'Besides his wife, he has a small daughter, and the three of them find no difficulty in keeping out of one another's way In fact, to round out his family, he has a cat and a dog. dical relief problem. Inquiries coming to the society from many centers in the medical world, inclu- ding New South Wales, New Zea- land, British Columbia, Nova Scotia Alberta, Quebec, and from public health officials and federal and Singin, Dprfion oe best ti As to comfort, inside the trailer system they have established may ne ool day his week 3: small be as highly significant in the field | SOXeburning stove was UIning, which gave so much heat that the ventilator was open and an electric fan was on. At one end of the trailer was a long seat, which opens up at night to make a double bed. At the other end was a dining nook, the seats of which close together to make a bed for the little girl. Make Room for Company Closets and drawers are every- where, and because of the reduced space, everything is put away when not in use. Company thus is wel» come at any time. : The wife does her cooking on a two-burner stove, and admits ng" trouble m preparing a full-course of social administration as it is in medical economics. Details of the system were work- ed out by the Essex County Relief Committee which now includes Dr. R. E. Holmes, chairman and re- search director; Dr. J. I. Hum- phries, Dr. W. 'M. Master, Dr. C. V. Mills, Dr. G. T. Whitty, all of Wind- sor; and Dr. Nathan Sinai, of the University of Michigan, the com- mittee's consultant. The committee believes that the plan not only al- lays suspicion of various groups of the medical profession which jea- lously guard their professional business interests from outside in- : terference, but that in addition it| dinner. An oven is placed on top emphasizes the validity of the pro- of the stove, while vegetables are fession's contention that in any cooked over the coke stove. Asked if she became tired of having nothing to do during the day, she repliads "Why I wash every day, polish fur- niture every day, get my daughter ready for school, prepare the din» ner at night, and keep-the trailer tidy." That keeps my day pretty change or contemplated changes in the organization of medicine the profession should occupy the domin- ant position. 8 { The Essex €ounty Plan consists of two basic parts. One is the im- personal review of physicians' relief service reports as a means of equitable distribution of fees to physicians. The use of mathema- tical formulas in the accounting eliminates most of the human ele- ment go distasteful in other sys- tems of control. These formulas also eliminate a large part of the overhead costs and the red tape so annoying in other systems. The eli- mination of the bureaucratic type of administration through this de- pice makes the plan highly attrac- tive to many practitioners who had come to see bureaucracy and ex'ra- vagance as inevitably tied up with any system other than the estab- lished practice. The other part of the system is a record-keeping and service report- ing plan which is simple, speedy, thorough and economical. The use of automatic electric computing and sorting machines makes busy." B= A "Dad, what is a diplomat?" "A diplomat, my boy, is a person who is appointed to avert situations that would never occur if there were no diplomates." the handling of a large amount of statistical material by a small of= fice force at relatively small ex- pense. The mathematical formulas and the statistical machines are not new to directors of extensive statistical surveys. The contribution of the Eg= sex County experiment to medical administrators is the use of these devices as a means for autonomy as well as for significant fact finds ing in the field of medical economics through which this possible be maintained. autonomy may