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Crossing The Ocean : By Zeppelin { By HUGF ALLEN Regular transoceani¢ passenger travel by dirigible airship now seems definitely assured at a comparatively early date. The Germans have made the first start. But with Great Bri- tain completing two great ships, each half again as large as the "Graf Zep- pelin," and with America construct- ing two naval ships, each almost twice that size, as precursors of the American commercial fleet, the next five years should bring many signi- ficant developments . After its round trip across the At- lantic, which was highly successful in spite of extraordinary difficulties, the Graf Zeppelin recently completed two Mediterranean cruises, each last- ing over eighty hours Both of these were without other incident than the magnificently smooth per- formance of the ship and the rigor- ous following of schedule and route. The many passengers on both cruises. were enthusiastic over the op- portunities the air cruise offered for sight-seeing and were loud in their praise of the convenience of this mode of travel The transatlantic voyages and the two Mediterranean cruises comprise the first long com- mercial journeys made ty a rigid air ship and they are excellent evidence of its practicabilily ,both as a means of travel and as 'a commercial enter- prise. It was in 1900 that Count Zeppelin built his first airship. Although the ship was presently wrecked due to motor failure, the principles incor- porated in its design were those that still form the basis of dirigible con- struction. By 198, Count Zeppelin had built five ships, and had won re- «cognition for the inherent soundness of his ideas. France, Italy, and Great Britain began experimenting with lighter-than- air ships, though the larger expansion was not to come until the World War. By 1912, the Zeppelin produced at Friedrichshafen had reached the point of development where they contain- ed comfortable passenger quarters. They were used for regular passenger transportation within Germany --a service which was continued and was expanded on several routes until the late summer of 1914, when all Zep- pelins were commandeered for mill- tary purposes. From the beginning of the war, the works at Friedrichshafen were go- ing day and night at full force; and toward tha and nf tha wag using tha full resources of the enormous works, the Germans were able to complete a Zeppelin every six weeks. At the cessation of hostilities in 1918, the Zeppelin Company had manufactured one hundred and sixteen airships since" the memorable first one prod- uced in 1900. In the meantime, the. British and French had made serious efforts to reproduce Zeppelins. The R-34 was the outgrowth of British development in dirigible construction, and as such was the first airship to cross the At- lantic, flying in 1919 from Pulham, England, to Mitchell Field, Long Is- land--a distance of 4,700 miles--in seventy-five hours. Activities at Friedrichshafen were resumed for the construction of the ZR-3, afterward the Los Angeles, which was turned over to the United States Government as payment of re- parations. This craft, upon its com- pletion in 1924, was the one-hundred- and-seventeenth to be built at the Zeppelin works. It was flown across the Atlantic and delivered to the Uni- ted States Navy at Lakehurst, New Jersey, after having made a flight of 5,100 miles in eighty-one hours. At the time of this writing, while the Graf Zeppelin, the highest refine- ment of German dirigible. ingenuity, is cruising over the Mediterranean, Great Britain is building two enor- mous airships of the Zeppelin type-- each of 5,000,000 cubic feet capacity --and the United States is building two more aircraft of the same type each of 6,500,000 feet capacity, al- most twice the size of the Graf Zep- puin. > The new British ships will have ac- commodations for a hundred pas- sengers, and will be both stronger and faster than the R-34. Instead of being shaped like sa lead pencil, as the earlier ships were, they will be shortr and fattr--shaped more uear- ly like a cigar. These new American ships will be inflated with helium, which is a non- inflammable, natural gas. Helium is superior from the point of view of safety to the hydrogen gas used by Great Britain and other nations, but it requires a somewhat greater volume to lift a given weight than does hydrogen gas. For that reason the 'American ships of 6,500,000 cubic feet capacity will have approximately the same lift as the British 5,000,000- cubic-feet- capacity ships. A feature peculiar to helium ships is a ballast device on the motors worked out by the- United States Navy. A problem that has vexed dirigible pilots since the inception of this type of aircraft is the fact that ~ Zeppeling in flight grow continuously lighter with the consumption of gaso- line and oil by the motors. The Los Angeles, on its delivery flight to the United States in 1924, was twenty-two tons lighter when it land- ed at Lakehurst than when it left Friedrichshafen. In order to compensate for some of this decreased weight, some of the lifting' power had to be discharged during flight. However, this pro- cedure would involve a serious diffi- culty for the American ships, in view of the fact that helium gas is con- siderably more expensive and is a na- tural product that cannot be manu- factured on demand. The consequence is that American naval engineers have developed a water-recovery device which receives the gasoline fumes (mixed with mois- ture irom the atmesphere) and con- denses them, using the resultant water as ballast. Since water has a higher specific gravity than gaso- line, and is therefore heavier than the gasoline which it replaces in the airship's fuel tanks, this is an ex- tremely practical method of stabiliz- ing the ship without loss of any of the precious helium. gas. The new American ships will also be stronger and safer than any that have yet been built. It has been the practice to build a single longi- tudinal rib from end to end, along the keel of the ship. Into this keel rib is uilt the control car, the fuel tanks, and the crew's quarters. Its entire length becomes the 300-foot gangway from the nose to the stern of the ship. The new American ships will have not one, but three such backbones, one at the keel and two others, each partly up its sides, so rigidly con- nected as to form a triple backbone. The power cars will be actually built into the new American aircraft, so that the whole will retain an accur- ate streamline shape.- It has been generally conceded that a ship equivalent ia size to the two British and two American craft now in the process of construction is re- quired for a commercially feasible unit for regular service. The present construction hangar at Friedrichshafen will have to be superseded by a much larger one if such a ship is to be built there, and since the German Government, in the recent formulation of its budget, has practically cancelied the appropria- tion and subsidy intended for the Zep- pelin works, this may be delayed for some time.--From the June Living Ace. 2, a' Airship Uperated By Helium Detroit Aircraft Corporation Announces That Deposits Made Available in South- ern Colorado Are Exceed- ingly Rich in Gaseous Con- tent Detroit, Mich.--Officers of the De- troit Aircraft Corporz tion, whose sub- sidiary concern, the Aircraft Develop- ment Corporation, is ! uilding the first all-metal dirigible for the United States Navy, have been informed that new deposits of helium gas have been found in Colorado which will provide sufficient inflation to operate all Un- ited States airships for the next 20 years. Col. Turney Gratz ard W. R. Offnut of the Helium Company, commercial producers of the gas, have authorized announcement of the discovery, De- troit Aircraft Corporation officials said. The new field is by far the richest helium deposit yet found, the Helium Company officers said. The gas has a helium content of 7.07 per cent.; the best previous content was 3.6 per cent. "While it is impossible to determine accurately the total volume of this new field," Colonel Gratz said, "our corps of chemical research engineers estimated that the deposit will meet the demands of airship builders and operators for a minimum of 20 years." Colonel Gratz indicated he could not reveal the exact location at which de- velopment work was being conducted, but announced construction hal al- ready been started on a production plant in southern Colorado. Xz o! Perch: Who won the nail driving contest at the picnic? Bass: Why the hammer-head shark of course! csa.Fbs etaoi etaol etaoi et etaoitao FR RAE Sincerity is never ludicrous; it is always respectable, ! Real Cherry Blossoms & JAPANESE MERMAIDS IN INTERNATIONAL MEET These Japanese girls are the first of their race to go aboard for interna- tional competition. Honolulu this summer. They will represent Nippon in the swimming meet at Indus Diggings Base Civilization 5,000 Years Old Excavators Uncover Stones of a People Contempora- neous With Abraham Cities Found Under Cities High State of Culture Indicat- ed by Many Relics Probably the last thing any arche- ologist ever imagined was that con- temporaries of Abraham would be found in India, and yet H. George H. Frank, member of the Indian histor- ical records commission writes in "The Christian Science Monitor" the recent BE a i vealed the secrets of a wonderful civil- ization hitherto unknown and almost undreamed of, which undoubtedly dates back to th. time when Ur of the Chaldees was flourishing. In view of the latest romantic dis- ccveries in the home >f Abraham, the results of the researches at Momen-jo- Daro, in the Indus Valley, a little less than 300 miles from Karachi, are of considerable value, especially as they probably give a more intimate picture of the life and civilization of the peo- ple who lived about 5,000 years ago than any other archaeological investi- gations ever made. By good fortune the workers in In- dia have happened upon the very houses in which these ancient people lived, and as a result of the great variety of relics unearthed from the three top layers of the six cities which have rested for more than two millen- niums one on top of the other in silent decay, it is possible to know the ap- pearance of the ,eople, the manner in which they lived, the food they ate, the clothes they wore, the games they played, the extent of their :ulture, the tools they used, the writing they had evolved, the ornaments they put in tt eir houses, the jewelry they carried on their persons, and the animals they domesticated and hunted. About the only thing we do not know is how they fought their enemies, for no imple- nents of war have been found. It is too early to ask, perhaps, whe- ther Abraham ever visited this flour- ishing corner of Northern India and sailed down the mighty Indus, but it is certain that his people were contem- poraneous with the Mohen-jo-Dariens and that fairly intimate relationships | had been established. When the fuil story of the present discoveries is told, ! and when it 'is possible to make a] closer sideby-side comparison between | the antiquities of Ur and those of, Sind, it is almost certain that a most | romantic tale of early culture will he related. Perhaps the most spectacular an most interesting of all the finds are the pictographic seals--Ilittle engra red tablets with animals and queer signs running all over them. Many of the symbols occur again and again in the thousana or more seals, thus suggest ing that the art of writing, even m 3 Q pictures, had been well systematized although in the absence of any large stones or tablets containing lengthy inscriptions, it is doubtful whether these seals will ever give up any other | The children appeared to have a good time, for, in addition to a de- lightful series of figuriaes and painted clay models which would equal any modern equipment of a toy Noah's ark, there have been found some very interesting mechanical toys, one being a horse which moved its head by the pulling of a string, and another being a fully equipped chariot with driver and gabled roof. Various flint and bronze tools and implements have been unearthed with which many of the household utensils were made. The knowledge of saws, chisels, razors and knives reveals a high state of culture and more or less explains the liberal discoveries of the carvings, the polishings and the de- signs of the different ornaments. The jewelry, for exaiaple, would do credit to many a modern craftsman of the West, and if only the necklaces, beads, bangles and earrings could be put up for sale in these times, they would hava as oreat valua for the excelley™ of "fheir 'wor manship anu oe eng unique. In addition to graceful con- mon pots, there was an amazing var- ioty of ware decorated with designs of swastika, flowers and animals which would stir modern designers to a high pitch of admiration, fcr while many of the shapes re-echo old Elam and Meso- petamia, others recall fine old jars and Lowls of Greece and Etruria. BUSTS RESEMBLE MONGOLIANS There have been unearthed two large earthenware busts which depict respectively a man and a woman of this ancient race. The former is par- ticularly lifelike and in striking con- tradistinction to the other haphazard and crude modelings which have been found. From these busts it would seem that these people were of a Mon- golian type, with high cheek bones. They have an old-fashioned type of ear, almost circular, with a hole in the centre, and on the whole possess facial and cranial characteristics which are somewhat remarkable for a race of such antiquity. There is not the slightest doubt that there are many features common be- tween t'is newly-found culture and that of Mesopotamia and Babylon, even as there is just as striking evi- dence that each was very different from the other. Then again, there is the faience seal on which is a row of four standards carried aloft by men, on the top of. each of which is a figure for all the world like the famous Egyptian totem poles, and this feature suggests a connection with predynastic Egypt. --% Skepticism This faith which 1 repudiate I saw disproved by common grief, Saw fearless doubt annihilate The citadel of my belief. So I proclaim with my last breath Quaint heresies, securely. won: I am incredulous of Death, I do not trust Oblivion! --Ruth Forbes Eliot in the Century. Well, here we i ; Mosquito (to fly): {secrets than "the names of their are again. owners. caught. Sudan Railway Opens Big Area To Development Land. Once Useless Due to Lack of Outlets Ready for Various Crops London.--The link on the Port Sudan-Kassala railway between -Ge- daref and Sennar, 144 miles in length, was formally opened by Sir John Maffey, the Governor-General of the Sudan recently. The railway develop- ment of the Sudan is thus proceeding apace. From Port Sudan the line rung to Atbara on the Nile and a junction at Haia leads a branch southward to Kassala. This latter length of 136 miles has been in operation for some months. At Atbara the line runs north te Cairo and south to Khartum and Sen- nar and thence westward to the termi- nus El Okeid. The great dam at Sen nar carries the railway line eastward to link up with the Kassala section at Gedaref. The railway development of tha Sudan cottun area neans much, for the heavy rainfall and periodic flood- ing made reai roadmaking a difficult task. The diet track is all right for bullock carts and possible for motors in the dry season, but the first rains turn these into quagmire. Plerty of good cotton land was useless to sow as there was no cutlet to rail or sea. The circle of railway which is now in cperation Las altered all this. Cat- tle, cereals, cotton and gum can now be produced with tha knowledge that there is an outlet to the markets, and the inhabitants of this potentially rich area will reap the renefit. It also makes possible what is known as the Gash Delta cotton scheme. It is esti- mated altogether that some 20,000 square miles will be opened up for development. ---- Pe o' Dean Inge Rhymes Value Of Women's Short Skirts In Bit of Verse He Extolls Benefits of Sunlight London--The value of sunlight on the human frame has been proclaim- ed by Dean Inge of St. Paul's Cath- edral wi i i EEG with the followin Dit. of yhrse Ing of the Sunlight League: "Half an inch shorter, half an inch shorter, Same skirts for mother and daughter, When the wind blows, Everything shows, Both what should and ougkter." He praised the woman's revolt from the extensive covering they indulged in forty or fifty years ago, saying that the movement of th Sunlight League was carrying on further the salutory effects of milady's discard of heavy clothes. "However we have to beware of ad- mitting cranks and freaks," he said. "There is a certain sect on the Con- tinent and particularly in Germany which believes in walking about nude. In Germany it is possible to see bands of young enthusiasts of both sexes going about without clothes. There is nothing objectionable in chat. But clothes are a matter of convention, and it is necessary to hold at arms' length certain unwholesome people." oJ Saves Airplane By Quick Action Quick action by an aviation en- thusiast who has never heen off the ground was responsible for a "happy landing" at the East Boston Airport. what didn't Army officers at the airport re- ceived a telephone message from West Barnstable. Their informant said he had just seen an airplane fly- ing overhead with a broken landing gear. He added that he recognized it as an army plane and that it was headed for Boston. Airport officials immediately rolled a landing wheel and strut into the | centre of the field to warn the ap proaching fliers, and an airplane was sent up to signal them. As the heavy Douglas observation plane appeared, observers saw that one of the struts was broken, so that one wheel dan- gled helow the other. The pilot, Lieut. Russell Randall, | was oblivious of the condition of his landing gear until he received the j warning over the airport, as he had | landing, apparently mada Mitchel Field, L.I He succeeded in making with comparatively damage to the airplane. a good takeoff at safe little a A GOOD BOOK Choose not the book that thinks for Let's hope we go through you but the one that make you think. | the summer without getting slapped or The books wiich help you most are most.--Theodore Parker,